PROCESSES AND MACHINERY OF AGRO-ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

SEEDS FROM OATMEAL ACCORDING TO A SET OF PROPERTIES

V.D. Galkin, Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor

A.D. Galkin, Dr. Tech. Sci.

V.A. Khandrikov, Cand. Tech. Sci.

K.A. Grubov, Engineer

Perm State Agro-Technological University

113, Geroev Khasana St., Perm, Russia, 614025

E-mail: engineer@pgsha.ru

ABCTRACT

The research was carried out on a prototype of vibro-pneumatic separator developed at the Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Department of the Perm State Agro-Technological University. Barley seeds of the 2020 harvest were used as the main crop at average values: 13.8% – humidity of source material, which was pre-cleaned, dried and cleaned on an air-sieve machine and a trier, its volume weight was 656 g/dm³, volume weight of oatmeal – 450 g/dm3, contamination with oatmeal – 70 pcs/kg. The research task was solved by two-factor experiment. The oscillation frequency of deck and its longitudinal angle of slope were various during the experiments. The following devices were used with a set feed value of 850 kg/h in the course of experiment: an anemometer – to control the air flow velocity in the range of 1.0-1.1 m/s, a frequency controller – to control the drive motor of deck in order to change the frequency of its oscillations in the range of 350-450 min^-1, and a goniometer – to set the longitudinal angle of deck slope. The assessments of machine’s performance were: the degree of oatmeal release and seed loss to waste. The rational parameters of machine for the final cleaning of barley seeds from oatmeal in the vibro-pneumatic fluidized bed are the oscillation frequency of deck – 440-450 min^-1, and the longitudinal angle of deck slope – 6 degrees. With these parameters, the maximum average value of oatmeal separation degree is equal to 88.6%, with an average seed yield of 86%, load per unit area – 3.1 t/h*m², and energy intensity of 4.1 kWh/t.

Key words: cleaning, vibro-pneumatic fluidized bed, barley and oatmeal seeds, deck, parameters, modes.

DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING OF MODULAR FEED PREPARATION EQUIPMENT USING MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS OF MODELING

V.G. Mokhnatkin, Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor

M.S. Poyarkov, Cand. Tech. Sci., Associate Professor

R.M. Gorbunov, Cand. Tech. Sci.

A.V. Yakimov, Cand. Tech. Sci.

Vyatka State Agricultural Academy

133, Octyabrskii Prospekt St., Kirov, 610017, Russia

E-mail: Mohnatkin@vgsha.info

ABSTRACT

It is important to study the processes implemented at various agricultural facilities, in particular, in technological lines for grinding coarse feed from the standpoint of system analysis. In this case, the object or process implemented on this facility is considered from the standpoint of its integrity and interaction with the external environment. Professor S.V. Melnikov and his students presented the results of research in this area in a number of publications. At present, morphological analysis as a method of new technical ideas and solutions is widely introduced in many fields of science and technology, in particular, in engineering the objects of agricultural purpose and product processing. It is possible thereby to single out separate parts from the overall structure of technological process. However, the implementation of this approach is difficult due to the termination of relations between machine-building enterprises focused on feed preparation equipment. We present the results of research on manufacturing of modular feed preparation equipment for cattle farms as an example of applying this technique in one of possible directions. Materials are based on the use of a universal module – a feed hopper with a horizontal axis of rotation for material intake and supply. A major-diameter hammer rotor (1400 mm) is used as a grinding and mixing device. Research techniques of static and dynamic processes as well as mathematical modeling methods are applied in the course of experiments. A feed preparation unit for obtaining a two-component mixture of coarse feed (any condition – in bulk, in bales and rolls) and silage (haylage) is introduced into production at one of the farms of the Yaroslavl Oblast and at the agricultural complex in the Kirov Oblast. The research materials are approved by the technical councils of agricultural departments of the Kirov and Yaroslavl Oblast.

Key words: shredder, feed preparation unit, module, hammer rotor, stem feed, feed mixture, morphological analysis.

AGRONOMY

METHODS OF SINGLE-PHASE HARVESTING OF OIL FLAX VARIETIES IN THE MIDDLE PREDURALIE

S.L. Eliseev, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor

E.A. Renev, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor

E.V. Boyarshinova, Post-Graduate Student

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, Russia, 614990

E-mail: akataev92@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

Optimization issues of single-phase harvesting of oil flax remains very relevant for the Middle Preduralie. The article presents the data of two-year studies purposed to determine the optimal period of desiccation and single-phase harvesting of oil flax varieties to obtain the highest seed yield in the Middle Preduralie. In 2019-2020, a field experiment was carried out on the basis of educational and scientific experimental field of the Perm State Agro-Technological University according to the following design: factor A – oil flax variety: A₁ – the Uralsky variety (control), A₂ – the Severny variety. Factor B – the period of desiccation and single-phase harvesting (percentage of brown bolls in the sowing): B₁ – 50%, with desiccation; B₂ – 75%, with desiccation; B₃ – 100%, with desiccation (control); B₄ – 3 days after 100%, with desiccation; B₅ – 6 days after 100%, with desiccation; B₆ – 9 days after 100%, with desiccation, B₇– 100%, without desiccation (control), B₈ — 3 days after 100%, without desiccation; B₉ – 6 days after 100%, without desiccation; B₁₀ – 9 days after 100%, without desiccation. The soil of experiment was sod-podzolic, medium loamy. The meteorological conditions during the years of research were different. The average air temperature for the vegetative period in 2019 was 13.40⁰C, in 2020 – 15.50⁰C; the amount of precipitation in 2019 was equal to 502 mm, in 2020 – 291 mm. As a result of research, it is found that single-phase harvesting with preliminary desiccation at 50 — 75% of brown bolls in the sowing provides the highest yield of the Severny oil flax variety – 1.23-1.27 t/ha. The Uralsky variety has later optimal dates for harvesting, which coincide with the phases of 75-100% of brown bolls in the sowing and with 100% of brown bolls without desiccation. An increase in yield capacity of these variants is provided by an increase in the number of bolls per plant, plant productivity, and the number of seeds in a boll for the Uralsky variety. Desiccation of sowing is not effective when 100% of bolls are brown and 3-9 days after its onset. Desiccation reduces seed loss by 2-3 times, but when its size is 1-1.5%, this does not affect the formation of actual crop yield capacity.

Key words: oil flax, variety, harvest period, desiccation, seed yield capacity, yield structure, losses during harvesting.

FEED QUALITY OF WINTER CEREAL CROPS IN THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

R.R. Ismagilov, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor

V.Kh. Abdulloev, Post-Graduate Student

Bashkir State Agrarian University

34, Pyatidesyatiletiya Oktyabrya St., Ufa, Russia, 450001

E-mail: ismagilovr_bsau@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of comparative laboratory analysis of grain quality of winter cereal crops in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In 2018-2020, field experiments were conducted and laboratory analyses were carried out to assess the grain quality of winter rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale. It is found that the protein content in grain of winter wheat is higher than in grain of winter triticale and rye. The average protein content for three years was 11.45% in winter wheat, 9.98% in winter triticale, and 8.46% in winter rye. Starch content in winter wheat is different from winter rye and winter triticale. There is practically no difference in starch content of rye grain and winter triticale. The content of phosphorus in grain of studied crops does not differ significantly. On average for three years, it was equal to 0.24% in winter rye, 0.27% in winter triticale, and 0.26% in winter wheat. The content of potassium in grain of winter rye is slightly higher (0.41%) than in grain of triticale (0.38%), and wheat (0.37%). Calcium content in grain of winter wheat (0.079%) is lower than in grain of winter rye (0.088%), and triticale (0.089%). The studied crops had no difference in terms of sodium content in grain. A very high viscosity of water extract characterizes grain of winter rye. Kinematic viscosity of water extract in grain of winter rye was equal to 40.0 cCt, winter triticale  – 1.9, and winter wheat – 2.0 cCt. Viscosity of water extract in grain of winter rye was 22 times higher than in grain of wheat. Wheat is the most resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis of starch than winter rye and triticale. The falling number of winter rye grain is two times less than wheat grain. The falling number of winter triticale is less than wheat but higher than rye.

Key words: winter rye, winter triticale, winter wheat, grain, quality.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS, SOIL HERBICIDE

AND TILLAGE on SEED PRODUCTIVITY

of THE COLOMBO AND INNOVATOR POTATO VARIETIES

V.I. Titova, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor

Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy

97, Prospect Gagarina St., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603107

E.T. Akopdzhanyan

LLC «Aksentis»,

D.Vyalovskaya, Gorodetsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region, Russia, 606513

E-mail: titovavi@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT

The results of field experiment laid down in production conditions of the Nuzhny Novgorod Oblast with potatoes grown for seeds are presented. Replication was three-fold, plot accounting area was equal to 360 m², all operations for crop cultivation are carried out by mechanical method. The object of research is the following: super-early potatoes of the Colombo variety and middle-early varieties the Innovator. Techniques under study: autumn tillage with a plow and skimmer or cultivator to a depth of 25 cm; background application of potassium chloride from autumn (K₁₀₀) and nitroammophoska (N₄₂P₄₂K₆₉) in spring; surface application of the Gezagard soil herbicide in a tank mixture with urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN-32); foliar dressing of plants UAN-32 (N₄₂) during the vegetative phase. It is found that the use of herbicide and foliar feeding of plants with nitrogen had no effect on tuber formation of potato. The use of soil herbicide for background fertilization on the Colombo variety stimulates the tuber formation of seed fraction (30-60 mm) but does not affect the fractional composition of the Innovator variety tubers. The effect of autumn plowing on potato tuber formation was noticeable and positive in the Innovator variety providing an increase in the number of bush tubers by 46-54%, in comparison with the Colombo variety where the number of bush tubers increased by only 19-22%. The maximum effect of plowing as a method of autumn soil cultivation in terms of yield of tuber seed fraction was observed in the variant without herbicide application: 8.9 t/ha on the Colombo variety (47% to the corresponding variant for deep autumn cultivation), on the Innovator variety – 6.1 t/ha (38%).

Key words: potatoes, plowing, cultivation, herbicide, tuber formation, yield, seed fraction.

VETERINARY AND ZOOTECHNY

DEVELOPMENT OF A PATHOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC MODEL IN ANALYSIS OF HISTOLOGICAL IMAGE

O.V. Kochetova, Dr. Vet. Sci., Associate Professor

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., 614990, Perm

Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

125, Karpinskogo St., 614012, Perm,

T.G. Sereda_, Dr .Tech. Sci., Associate Professor

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990

ABSTRACT

The problem of pattern recognition of pathological changes in tissues is introduced in oncology, histology, and other areas of medicine including veterinary medicine. Images of histological analysis obtained with a 400x magnification microscope have a complex planar structure. At present, computer technology and development of artificial intelligence make it possible to develop express-analysis systems for making a preliminary diagnosis of the disease in the histological diagnosis of investigated tissue. The article presents the possibility of using neural network technologies well proven in biometrics to recognize morphological changes in animal tissues, for example, in rat tissue with an infectious disease (chlamydia). The results of histological analysis showed that chlamydial infection could harm blood composition, cause tissue edema, disruption of cell activity and other pathologies. Along with chemical and biological analysis, identification of pathologies at the cellular level set the stage for further understanding of the nature and actual disturbances in animal tissues. A neural network based on a three-layer perceptron is built for the analysis of images. The retina of the first layer consisted of a two-dimensional array, 5 x 5. The associative (inner) layer consisted of two neurons. The recording (third) layer included five pathology indicators. The training of neural network was carried out. The result of pattern recognition of pathologies showed that the arithmetic mean in the sample is reliable with a high probability – more than 0.999.

Key words: histological analysis, chlamydial infection, neural networks, pattern recognition.

INFLUENCE OF ROYAL CANIN FEED ON PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF SPORTING DOGS

D.N. Nesterov

«RUSKAN Permskii» OOO «RUSKAN Distribution», company branch

147a, Promyshlennaya St., 614990, Perm

O.S. Mikryukova, Cand. Agr. Sci, Associate Professor

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990

E-mail: tppzh@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT

Controlling the general condition of sporting dogs, both from a nutritional and behavioral point of view, is a unique task that depends on the type of work they do, exertion, ability to sustained effort, and speed. The results of research indicate that the group of dogs fed with the «Royal Canin Endurance 4800» were better prepared for winter running as the heart rate increased by 20 beats/min after the first running, and by 10 beats/min during the second running. In the recovery period, heart rate indicators decreased to 100 beats/min after 10 minutes of rest, to 90 beats/min after 20 minutes. In the second group of dogs, the heart rate increased by 40 beats/min after the first running, and by 5 beats/min after the second running. In the recovery period, heartbeats decreased to 96 beats/min within 30 min. In the first group, the breathing rate was equal to 25 br/min and increased up to 75 br/min during the exertion, recovery period took 20 minutes. In the second group, the breathing rate before running was equal to 26 br/min, and increased up to 101 br/min during the exertion, after 30 minutes of rest it was equal to 48 br/min. As a result of research, the «Royal Canin Endurance 4800» fed to the dogs of the first group had a positive effect on heart rate, breath, and body temperature as well as on a reduction in recovery time of heart rate and breathing rate. The «Royal Canin MAXI Adult» fed to the dogs of the second group satisfies the needs of active adult dogs, but requires longer recovery period. Therefore, it is recommended to use food with a higher metabolic energy during high and sustained exertion in winter, and it is not recommended to use the «Royal Canin MAXI Adult» food for sustained exertion in dogs.

Key words: food, dog, exertion, nutritional value.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EAB-LOCUS ALLELES BLOOD GROUP OF GENE POOL POPULATION OF THE KHOLMOGORSKY CATTLE IN THE KOMI REPUBLIC

S.V. Nikolaev, Cand. Vet. Sci.

Zhuravsky Institute of Agrobiotechnologies of the Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch, RAS

27, Rucheinaya St., Syktyvkar, Russia, 167023

E-mail: semen.nikolaev.90@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

The ongoing cross-breeding of the Kholmogorsky cattle with the Holstein questions the continued existence of the breed. In the near future, its gene pool will be lost along with a number of adaptive and other economically useful qualities of these animals. The Komi is one of the few regions where it was possible to save the population and breeding material of purebred and weakly Holsteinized Kholmogorsky cattle. Using the data from breeding records in agricultural organizations of the Republic, a group of purebred and weakly Holsteinized (with a blood content of up to 25% on improving breed) Kholmogorsky cattle was identified (n=1034). The immunogenetic method was used in selected animals to determine the nature of EAB locus alleles blood groups, the frequencies of which were compared with the results on the Kholmogorsky and Holstein cattle obtained by the other authors. It was found that the selected gene pool has the following B-alleles: A’O’2, E’G’G», OY2I’, O1Y2I’, B’E’2G’, G3OTA’2’2F’2K’, Q, B1G1O1Y2, B1I2Y1G’G», Q’Q’, G», O2, which are absent in the Holstein breed. The frequently found in the Holstein cattle OA’, G», GIA’, BOY, BO, P1, E’G’Q’, BO3YA’E’3G’P’Q’G», BGKE’F»2O’ alleles were not detected in the Kholmogorsky cows. Widespread among Holsteins Y2A’2, O2’J ‘2K’O’, G’G», G2Y2D’ alleles were less common in the studied population. Despite the greater number of EAB alleles, a more pronounced homozygosity (by 0.014) with a smaller number of effective alleles (by 2) is observed in the studied gene pool compared to the results on the Kholmogorsky breed in the 1980s. The selected group of cows highly preserved the pool of alleles typical for the ancestral Kholmogorsky population (r=0.834…0.863), which has a high value for supporting selective breeding and reproduction of endangered breed.

Key words: Kholmogorsky breed, Holstein breed, erythrocyte antigens, allele pool, genetic similarity.

METABOLISM IMPROVEMENT IN HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE COWS WITH ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS

S.V. Pastukhov, Post-Graduate Student

L.V. Sycheva, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor

O.Yu. Yunusova, Cand. Bio. Sci., Associate Professor

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., 614990, Perm

E-mail: lvsycheva@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

Providing newly calved cows with the necessary energy contributes to the metabolism intensification focused on synthesis of milk. The aim of research is to study the effect of the «Cow Energy» and «Ketostop El» energy supplements on the metabolic parameters of highly productive cows. The object of research is 30 cows of the Black-and-White breed in a dry period and peak yield. The animals were selected by the method of analogues taking into account the productivity during previous lactation, weight, genotype, and physiological state. The cows were kept tied in a typical barn. Temperature, humidity, air movement were equal for the experimental animals. All animals were on the basic diet. 14 days before calving and 28 days after, the cows in the experimental group I were additionally fed with 200 g of the «Cow Energy» per head a day. The cows in the experimental group II received 200 g of the «Ketostop El» per head a day. Before feeding the energy supplements, the biochemical parameters of blood were within the limits of the reference values, no significant differences in metabolic processes were found in the experimental animals. Feeding the «Cow Energy» and «Ketostop El» energy supplements as a part of rations to lactating cows had a positive effect on the exchange of proteins and carbohydrates in cows. Feeding the «Ketostop El» supplement in a daily amount of 200 g contributes to a significant increase in total protein in the blood serum by 6.38% (P≤0.05) as well as an increase in glucose by 11.07% (P≤0.05) with a simultaneous decrease in urea content by 8.92% compared with the cows of the control group.

Key words: feeding, cows, metabolism, energy supplements.

BIOLOGICAL, ETHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE HUNGARIAN MANGALICA SWINE

V.I. Polkovnikova, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor

Perm State Agro-Technical University

113, Geroev Khasana St., Perm, Russia, 614025

E-mail: tppzh@pgsha.ru

ABCTRACT

For most enterprises and farms that decided to be engaged in pig breeding, the first priority is to choose a breed. The Hungarian Mangalica is a new breed of pig for the Russian Federation poorly studied within our country and in the Perm Krai. It is shown in the research that the prolificacy of the Hungarian Mangalica sows is low – 5.1 piglets per farrow, but the piglets are heavy – 1.8 kg. Pigs are late maturing, the average daily gains during the growing period and during the fattening are low – 229 and 260 g, respectively. As a result, pigs reach 80 kg of weight at the age of 11 months, at the same time the safety of young animals during the growing period is quite high – 97%. The study of ethology of the Hungarian Mangalica pigs shows that they are very active. They spend most of the daylight hours, about 36%, on the move. This factor certainly will affect the meat structure making it a delicacy through marbling formation.

Key words: breed, the Hungarian Mangalica, prolificacy, large weight of piglets, average daily gain, exterior, ethology, timing.

COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF 3M—PETRIFILM EXPRESS—TESTS WITH CLASSICAL MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS OF THE SLAUGHTER FLOOR AT POULTRY FARM

М.S. Shcherbakov, Post-Graduate Student

V.I. Pleshakova, Dr. Vet. Sci., Professor

N.A. Lescheva, Cand. Vet. Sci, Associate Professor

Omsk State Agrarian University

1, Institutskaya Ploshchad St., Omsk, Russia, 644008

E-mail: lescheva@list.ru

ABSTRACT

Along with the use of traditional methods of classical microbiology, the Petrifilm plate test systems are used for the control of sanitary microorganisms (mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic count, coliform bacteria, pathogenic staphylococci, listeria, salmonella, Enterobacteriaceae) in food raw materials, finished food products, on the surfaces of technological equipment in the food productions. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of technological production regulations of enterprise is carried out taking into account veterinary and sanitary characteristics in order to identify and assess the critical control points of the slaughter floor at poultry farm. The research presents that the same type of risks directly or indirectly related to non-compliance with technological regulations may arise at different stages of the production technological cycle. In the slaughter floor of enterprise, three critical control points are identified at different stages of technological cycle: at turkey slaughtering area, cutting area, and packing area. A practical coincidence of obtained quantitative indicators is established during the determination of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic count in different areas of the slaughter floor by the 3M-Petrifilm test system and classical bacteriological methods. In our opinion, it indicates a fairly high reliability of the innovative method. The innovative 3M-Petrifilm test systems ensure reliable data and compare favorably in effectiveness with classical microbiological methods. At the same time, being a high-technology development in the field of sanitary and microbiological control, they have a number of advantages in comparison with routine bacteriological methods. Thus, the use of such systems makes it possible to increase the efficiency and productivity of production laboratory facilities, and what is even more important – promptly conduct microbiological monitoring of critical control points of poultry farm in the HACCP system.

Key words: classical microbiological methods, express-methods, test systems, sanitary-related microorganisms, poultry.