AGRONOMY AND FORESTRY

pp. 11-16

WINTERING AND YIELD CAPACITY OF WINTER RYE AND TRITICALE SEEDS DEPENDING ON SOWING DATE

T. S. Vershinina, Post-Graduate Student
S. L. Eliseev, Dr.Agr.Sci., Professor
V. A. Popov, Cand.Agr.Sci., Associate Professor
O. V. Fotina
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: verschininаts@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
As a rule, sowing winter grain crops on optimal dates provides good wintering and increase in grain yield. It is known, that early sown plants outgrow, are damaged by pests and diseases, dump off in winter; while undeveloped later sown plants winter bad, and, therefore, the yield decreases. Optimal dates for sowing depend on climatic, agro-technical factors and on genotype properties. The paper presents the investigations that were aimed at revealing the optimal dates to sow different varieties of winter crops grown for grain in conditions of Middle Preduralie of the Russian Federation. Two-factor field experiment was laid upon the precursor: annual grasses for green fodder, winter rye sowing rate amounted 6 million germinated seeds per hectare, winter triticale – 5 million germinated seeds per hectare. Rye variety Falenskaya 4 and winter triticale variety Izhevskaya 2 were studied in the experiment. Sowing was conducted on seven dates: on the 15th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 27th, 30th of August and on the 2nd September. The investigations were conducted in 2013-2015 on the experimental and training field of the Perm State Agricultural Academy. During the investigation in average for two years it was established that optimal sowing dates for winter rye are from the 18th till 28th of August, later dates – from 21st of August till 10th of September – for winter triticale. Sowing on these dates contributes to better wintering (57-58 % and 44-58 %, respectively) and grain yield (2.2-2.8 t/ha and 1.78-2.24 t/ha, respectively).
Key words: winter rye, winter triticale, sowing date, wintering, yield capacity.

pp. 16-22

INFLUENCE OF REJUVENATION AGRO-TECHNIQUES FOR OLD-AGE GALEGA ORIENTALIS GRASS STAND ON ACTIVITY OF SOIL BACTERIA
AND NODULES FORMATION

Iu. N. Zubarev, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor
L. V. Falaleeva, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor
M. A. Nechunaev, Post-Graduate Student
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: Matvey-evrey@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
In 2013-2015 on the experimental field of the Perm State Agricultural Academy we studied the influence of rejuvenation agro-techniques for old-age galega orientalis grass stands on activity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms in the soil and formation of nodules. A rejuvenation of long-term legumes is carried out by two ways: mechanical and biochemical. Frequency of the experiment was quadruple. Placement of allotments was randomized. Grass stand was 13 years old, partly thinned. Scheme of experience: 1 – monitoring (untouched grass stand); 2 – one-track disking; 3 – two-track disking; 4 – one-track subsurface cultivating, at a depth of 10-12 cm; 5 – two-track subsurface cultivating at a depth of 10-12 cm; 6 – one-track subsurface cultivating, at a depth of 16-18 cm; 7 – two-track subsurface cultivating at a depth of 16-18t cm. The agro-techniques in experiment correspond to the scientific system of agriculture recommended for the Central Preduralie. The disking was carried out by the BDT-3 unit, subsurface cultivating – by the combined unit «Leader» – 4. Experiment is put on sod- not deep-podzolic middle loamy soil with arable layer 0-24 cm. Cellulose-destroying activity was determined method of decomposition of linen bands. Calculation of nodules was carried out by method of washing monolith. Thanks to agro-techniques, activity of cellulose-destroying microorganisms increased up to 15% in a layer of 0-10 cm and up to 20% in a layer of 10-20 cm in comparison with untouched grass stand. When plowing with the disk harrow and the subsurface unit in one track at smaller depths, distinctions between layers level about 5% (34-39%), having at the same time the high cellulose-destroying activity in comparison with untouched grass stand (27-31%).
Key words: legumes, old-age grass stand, galega orientalis, rejuvenation, microbiological activity, nodules number, soil cultivation.

pp. 22-29

SANITARY CONDITION OF GREEN SPACE ON ZHELEZNOVODSK STREET
ON THE VASILYEVSKY ISLAND OF ST. PETERSBURG

V. F. Koviazin, Dr. Bio. Sci., Professor
Saint-Petersburg Mining University
2, Liniia 21, Vasiliyevsky ostrov, Saint-Petersburg 199026 Russia
E-mail: vfkedr@mail.ru
T. T. Nguyen, Post-Graduate Student,
Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University named after S. M. Kirov
5 Institutsky per., Saint-Petersburg 194021 Russia
E-mail: thuynguyenafc@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to study the sanitary condition of green plantings on Zheleznovodsk Street in St. Petersburg. The object of research were tapeworms, tree clumps and groups of green spaces, their health status. The examination was measured on dendrometrical indicators of tree height and diameter, were evaluated as plants on the crown and the trunk. Further, the authors proposes a method of evaluating the condition of trees in points. This method was tested on trees and shrubs plants on Zheleznovodskaya Street of Saint-Petersburg. It is established that the shrinkage of the crown is manifested more intense in young plants, because of poor root development on the city’s urbanozem. Trees older than 20 years are characterized by the occurrence of mechanical injuries, frost cracks and dry sides on the trunk of trees. The results obtained allowed establishing the sanitary condition of green plantings of different species composition and age. The causes of the defeat of plant diseases and the dependence of plant diseases from dendrometrical indicators were identified.
Key words: Zheleznovodskaya Street, state of trees and shrubs, dendrometric and statistical indicators, stem pathology.

pp. 29-34

RESPONSE OF FALENSKAIA 4 WINTER RYE TO LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS

A. I. Kosolapova, Dr. Agr. Sci.,
Perm Agricultural Scientific Research Institute
12 Kultury St., Lobanovo 614532 Russia
E-mail: pniish@ rambler.ru
P. A. Leinikh, Cand. Agr. Sci.; V. I. Vozzhaev, Post-Graduate Student,
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia

ABSTRACT
Influence of increasing doses of mineral fertilizers on complex of agrophysical and agrochemical properties of the arable layer and yield of Falenskaia 4 winter rye was established during the long-term field test on sod-podzolic soil in 2011-2013. Field experiment was laid down on sod — small podzolic, heavy loamy soil with humus content 1.54%, рНксl – 5.01, with high phosphorus and potassium. Investigations were conducted in field crop rotation: fallow – winter rye – potato – spring wheat – clover 1st, 2nd year of use – barley – oats. Long-term (over 40 years) application of fertilizers NPK 60 kg of active material per hectare contributed to increase of humus content from 1.54 to 2.18 %, labile phosphorus from 296 to 399, exchange potassium from 187 to 324 mg/kg, and acidification of soil. Improved nutritional conditions due to accumulation of organic substances coming with root remains and crop residues, and plant food compounds contributed to increase in winter rye yield of 1.15 – 1.47 t/ha over control. Maximum yield in the test was noted in the variant where the dose of mineral fertilizers applied was active material NPK 60 kg/ha, amounted to 4.48 t/ha showing payback of 1 kg of active material NPK by yield increase of 8.2 kg. Further increase of doses of mineral fertilizers resulted in winter rye lodging.
Key words: winter rye, mineral fertilizers, agrophysical and agrochemical properties of soil, yield.

pp. 35-41

INFLUENCE OF BASIC TILLAGE ON PRODUCTIVE MOISTURE STORES
AND AGROPHYSICS PROPERTIES OF LEACHED CHERNOZEM

E. V. Kuzina, Cand. Agr. Sci.,
Ulianovskii Research Institute of Agriculture,
19 Institutskaia St., Timiriazevskii, Ulianovskii rayon, Ulianovskaia oblast, 433315 Russia
E-mail: elena.kuzina@autorambler.ru

ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted on the experimental field of the Ulyanovsk Agricultural Research Institute in 2013-2015 in grain-fallow rotation, with the following alternation: fallow — winter wheat — spring wheat, sidereal fallow (mustard), winter wheat. The article describes the results of studies on the effectiveness of the conventional moldboard and subsurface and shallow mulch, zero tillage and ridge-coulisse tillage. The control was fall plowing at a depth of 20-22 cm (PLN-4-35). We analyzed agro-physical properties and water regime of soil, showing the advantages and prospects of use, innovative ways of ridge-coulisse tillage for winter wheat. It was found that the most favorable in relation to agronomic lumpy granular macrostructure with the size of the aggregates from 0.25 to 10 mm was plowing 75.2%, and no-till options 75.6-76.5%. When applying ridge-coulisse tillage, soil density corresponded to the optimum value for the growth and development of winter wheat (1.26-1.27 g/cm3), the content of water-stable aggregates (diameter> 0.25 mm) as compared to plowing increased on 1.6 4.6%, due to the creation of hygroscopic ridge-coulisse micro-relief showed more favorable moisture regime with respect to the control in the arable layer at 17-35% in the meter layer at 13-23%, improves the efficiency of moisture use by more than 12-19%.
Key words: soil cultivation, ridge-stubble coulisse, agro-physical indicators, bulk density, available moisture, winter wheat.

pp. 41-48

WINTER CROPS YIELD AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF MOWING
AND SILAGE QUALITY AND GRAIN HAYLAGE IN MIDDLE PREDURALIE

G. P. Maisak, Cand. Agr. Sci., V. A. Voloshin, Dr. Agr. Sci.
Perm Agricultural Scientific Research Institute
12 Kultury St., Lobanovo 614532 Russia
E-mail: pniish@ rambler.ru

ABSTRACT
Fodder supply plays an important role in animal husbandry productivity rising. Winter crops are the basic forage sources during early-spring period. Dry matter productivity, yield structure, biochemical content were defined for winter crops (rye and triticale) grown separately and mixed with winter vetch in central zone of Permskii krai. Studied winter crops can be successfully used for silage and grain haylage, forming high yields of green (18.6-25.5 tons ha -1) and dry matter – 4.14 – 8.53 tons ha -1. The silage making from fresh green matter of winter crops in the beginning of earing stage provides high content of crude protein – 12.97-17.42%, metabolizable energy – 9.74-10.58 Мj/кg, food units – 0.77-0.91 in absolute dry matter, low dry matter concentration in rye and vetch rye mix. Winter rye and its mix with vetch in the beginning of earing have low dry matter content (less than 20%), but high concentration of metabolizable energy (more than 10 Mj/кg) and crude protein 14.65 и 17.42%). Grain- haylage, prepared from winter crops in stage of grain milky-wax ripeness, according crude protein, metabolizable energy and food units content, conformed II class, winter rye grown separately crude protein content — to III class, crude cellulose content — does not meet the requirements of ОSТ 10.029-94
Key words: winter triticale, winter vetch, winter rye, yield, winter, biochemical content, metabolizable energy, fodder and protein productivity, silage, grain haylage.

pp. 48-53

EVALUATION OF THE USE OF MIXED CROPS OF SPRING WHEAT
AND SOWING PEA AS PRECURSORS FOR SPRING BARLEY

L. A. Mikhailova, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor
M. A. Aleshin, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor
G. V. Buianova, Senior Lecturer;
O. M. Maksimenko, Senior Lecturer;
D. V. Aleshinа, Post-Graduate Student
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: Matvei0704@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Mixed sowing of grain crops and leguminous plants can significantly increase the yield of agricultural product per unit of cultivated area – the above statement was under consideration as a working hypothesis. To confirm the given position the three-factor field experiment was carried out. This was aimed at studying the response of one-species and mixed sowing of spring wheat and pea seeds on using of phosphorus-potassium and nitrogen fertilizers. This experiment was laid under the conditions of the experimental field of the Perm State Agricultural Academy in 2012-2013. The given field has sod-fine podzolic mean loamy soil. Harvesting crops was held together with the direct harvesting account on achieving a milky-wax ripeness of cereal component to obtain grain haylage mass. The data achieved was the basis for establishing the fact that the productivity of the mixed sowing of spring wheat and pea seed increases in accordance with the rising of the proportion of legume component (25%-50%-75%) from 7.37 to 8.67 and 10.23 tons per hectare. Efficiency of using mineral fertilizers depends on the dose applied and species composition of phytocenosis. Higher productivity in the given experiment was obtained at cultivating the components studied (pea / wheat) in a mixture of these at a ratio 75% + 25% respectively and at using mineral fertilizers in N30R60K60 doses. Later in 2013-2014 the research was being continued. It was aimed at estimating the post-effect of using mineral fertilizers and biological nitrogen having been accumulated by the sowing peas in single-species and in mixed with spring wheat sowing on the yield of spring barley and its grain quality. It was established, that the spring barley productivity in the experiment was significantly higher after sowing of single-species pea seeds and after the same process with mixing of wheat (25%) and peas (75%). The true post-effect of using phosphorus-potassium and nitrogen fertilizers was not observed.
Key words: sowing peas, spring wheat, mixed sowing, conditions of mineral nutrition, grain haylage, predecessor, post-effect of fertilizers and biological nitrogen, spring barley.

pp. 53-59

EFFECT OF TIME AND DOSE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZING ON YIELD OF WINTER CROPS

V. P. Murygin, Post-Graduate Student;
V. A. Popov, Cand. Agr. Sci.,
S. L. Eliseev, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: mvp21717@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Field experiments were conducted in 2013-2015 on the experimental and training research field of the Perm State Agricultural Academy on common for the middle Urals region of the Russian Federation sod-podzolic medium loam-cultivated soils. The influence of timing and doses of nitrogen fertilizers on productivity and quality of winter crops (rye, wheat, triticale) was studied in the three-factor experiment: factor A – crops: A1 – rye Falenskaya 4, А2 – wheat Moscowskaya 39, А3 – triticale Bashkirskaya short-stalked; factor В – dose of nitrogen, kg/ha: В1 – 0, В2 – 30, В3 – 60; factor С – term of fertilizing: С1– soil workability at a depth of 0-5 cm, С2 – in 5 days after first term, С3 – in 10 days after first term. Root fertilizing was conducted by sower SFS – 2.0. Basal fertilizing of nitrogen fertilizer in the spring increases the grain yield of winter rye on average 0.42 – 0.53 t/ha, winter wheat at 0.50 to 0.73 t/ha, winter triticale 0.39 – 0.57 t/ha by increasing productive tillering, respectively 0.10-0.70, 0.20-0.40, 0.40; the density of productive stalks was in winter rye from 23 to 37 pcs/m2, in winter wheat 21-29 pcs/m2, winter triticale on 43-70 pcs/m2; weight of grain per ear 0.10-0.15 g, 0.02-0.05 g, and 0.19- 0.20 g, respectively. The optimal dose of nitrogen as basal fertilizer for winter rye and winter wheat is 30 kg/ha. Winter triticale tends to increase grain yield at the dose of 60 kg/ha by 0.12 t/ha due to the increase in stand density at 25 pcs/m2. The term of fertilizing at the 10 day interval after workability of soil has no effect on the yield of winter crops.
Key words: winter rye, winter wheat, winter triticale, nitrogen fertilization, time and dose of nutrition, and productivity.

pp. 59-64

INFLUENCE OF FALLOW LANDS TILLAGE ON SOIL AND WINTER
AND SPRING WHEAT CROPS CONTAMINATION

R. V. Naumetov, Cand. Agr. Sci.,
M. M. Sabitov, Cand. Agr. Sci.
Ulyanovskii Research Institute of Agriculture
19 Institutskaya St., Timiryazevskii, Ulyanovskii rayon, Ulyanovskaya oblast 433315 Russia
E-mail: rnaumetov@list.ru, m_sabitov@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of field experiments on the influence involve primary tillage of fallow lands in the contamination of soil and crops winter and spring wheat. The studies were conducted in stationary experiments on the land of the FSUE «Novonikulinskoe» in Ulyanovsk region in 2013-2015 in grain-grass crop rotation with the following crop rotation: Fallow – Winter wheat – Spring wheat – Barley + perennial grasses. The soil of experimental plot is medium heavy loam leached сhernozem with the following agrochemical characteristics: pH 6.8, hydrolytic acidity 1.20, humus content by Tyurin 5.48%, phosphorus and potassium 20.3 and 9.0 (according to Chirikov) mg/100 g of soil. We studied four methods of primary tillage: moldboard plowing to a depth of 23-25 cm, beardless plowing to a depth of 23-25 cm, ridge and coulisse plowing and minimal at a depth of 13-15 cm. It was established that in the soil profile 0-30 cm on fallow lands a seed bank of weeds was accumulated in the amount of 1614.7 pcs/m2. Under the crops of winter wheat, depending on the ways of the main tillage, number of seeds of weeds decreased in the arable horizon to 1238.7-641.5 pcs/m2, under spring wheat to 995.4-685.7 pcs/m2. The greatest destruction of weed seeds under winter and spring wheat is marked in the variant with no-tillage where their number does not exceed 641.4 and 685.7 pcs/m2. Moldboard tillage has the best weed purifying characteristics in crops of winter and spring wheat. Beardless, ridge-coulisse and minimal tillage contributed to increase in young and perennial weeds in crops of winter wheat by 29-77 and 27-45% of spring wheat 4-58 and 49-72%, respectively.
Key words: soil, fallow land, contamination of soil, contamination of crops, young and perennial weeds, winter wheat and spring wheat.

pp. 65-69

INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZER DOSES AND IRRIGATION REGIME
ON ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF COTTON

N. Ya. Seyidaliyev, Dr.Agr.Sci., Professor
Azerbaijan State Agrarian University
450 Ataturk avenue, Ganja AZ2000 Azerbaijan
E-mail: n.seyid55@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Influence of irrigation regime and fertilizer doses on formation of fruit bodies and raw cotton was studied in Milsk-Karabakh zone of Azerbaijan in farming enterprises of Beilagan and Agcabedi districts in 2012–2015. Soils of experimental plots are sierozemic-meadow with high calcimorphic features and low organic matter content (1.5–2.5%). In meadow soils organic matter content ranges from 2.7–3.4%, and at a depth of 50 cm it decreases to 2%. Gross nitrogen constitutes 0.16–0.18%, phosphorus – 0.11–0.13%, potassium – 2.1–2.6%. Content of labile compounds of phosphorus and potassium is low. Two irrigation regimes were studied: four-watering scheme 1–3–0, providing soil moisture 65–65–60% moisture capacity (MC) and five-watering scheme 1–4–0, providing soil moisture 70–70–65% MC. Fertilizers were applied in six NPK compounds. Application of optimal potassium doses under cotton improves the quality of cotton fibre. Increased moisture raises yield capacity of cotton on salty soils and decreases negative influence on technological qualities of cotton fibre. It was revealed that the less plant density is the higher is fibre output and contra versa. Fertilizer introducing increases fibre output. To obtain high and stable yields of raw cotton with good technological qualities, antecedent soil water level should be kept 70–70–65% MC, as well as fertilizer annual dose N250Р200К75. With irrigation regime 1–3–0 and low moisture supply, annual fertilizer doses for cotton should not exceed N200Р150К50.
Key words: cotton, irrigation regime, fertilization — NPK, cotton boxes, weight of one cotton box.

pp. 69-75

INFLUENCE OF SEEDING RATE AND SPECIES COMPOSITION
OF AGROPHYTOCENOSIS ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY
OF WINTER VETCH SEEDS

M. V. Seregin, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: mi2403@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
The article presents the features of formation of productivity of winter vetch seeds in the mixed sowing with winter grain crops depending on the seeding rate component of the mixture and the type of cereal. Studies were conducted in the Middle Preduralie in 2014 -2015. The area of plots was 1.0 m2. Agro-techniques comply with recommended ones for winter crops in Permskii krai. In the three-factor experience we studied two norms of seeding winter vetch and three seeding rates of cereal component. As a cereal component of the mixture we used winter rye, winter wheat, and winter triticale. On average for two years of research, the agrophytocenosis of winter vetch seeds with winter triticale provided the highest productivity (178 g/m2). The optimal combination of seeding was noted in the variant with the seeding rate of 1.5 million viable seeds/ha of winter vetch and 2.0 million viable seeds/ha of winter triticale. However, this agrophytocenosis possessed the highest resistance to lodging – 4.1 points.
Key words: Vicia villosa, winter grains, seeding rate, agrophytocenosis, laboratory germination, energy of germination.

pp. 75-79

EFFICACY OF GROWTH REGULATORS WHEN GROWING SWEET CORN
IN OPEN GROUND

A. L. Latypova, Post-Graduate Student;
T. V. Soromotina, Cand. Agr. Sci., Professor,
Perm State Agricultural Academy,
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
Е-mail: kafpererabotka@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT
Three-year data on studying of influence of growth regulators on productivity and quality of ears of sweet corn in case of cultivation in open ground on the example of the Middle Preduaralie of the Russian Federation is provided in the paper. The experiment was made in experimental and scientific center «Lipogorye» of the Perm State Agricultural Academy in 2011-2013. Involvement of growth regulators into technology of cultivation of sweet corn promotes increase in productivity and improves product quality. The greatest productivity of ears was gained when soaking seeds of sweet corn in solutions of growth regulators Energy M and Krezatsin – 31.1-33.2 t/hectare that is higher in comparison with control by 15.5-17.6 t/hectare or 99.3-112.8%. The quantity of productive ears in these options varied from 2.2-2.4 pieces in one plant, their average weight was from 279 to 288 g, grains/ear 96-97%. Spraying crops of sweet corn in ear emergence phase increases all indicators of productivity structure, however, they slightly differ from indicators in options when soaking seeds before sowing.
Key words: sweet corn, growth regulators, productivity, structure of productivity, grain/ear, soaking, spraying.

AGRO-ENGINEERING

pp. 80-86

PERFECTION OF CONSTRUCTIVE-TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME
OF THE MILLING COULTER OF SEED DRILLS SDK-2.8

R. F. Kurbanov, Dr. Eng. Sci., Professor;
I. N. Khodyrev, Post-Graduate Student
Vyatka State Agricultural Academy
133 Oktyabrsky Prospect, Kirov 610017 Russia
E-mail: kurrust@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
The article provides an advanced design-technological scheme of the milling coulter of seed drills SDK-2.8. The main purpose of this design is to reduce the proportion of unreturned into treated sod soil. It is achieved thanks to the fact that inside the housing of the milling section double-sided blade is mounted, symmetrical in longitudinal vertical plane, in the form of two mating surfaces, where a portion of the soil thrown by mills is shifted to the mating surfaces of the blade, and is reflected from them into treated sod band. In order to optimize the parameters of bilateral blade we chose Box-Benkin three-level experiment plan of the second order for three factors. The optimal values of the main indicators were identified for the smallest proportion of unreturned soil: kinematic indicator of the milling cutter λ=15, the angle of curvature of the surface of the blade =70º, width of double-sided blade с=159.5 mm. Using double-sided blade mounted within the housing of the milling section behind the working elements reduces the proportion of unreturned into treated band soil to 6.2%.
Key words: seed drill SDK-2.8, milling coulter, the milling section of the casing, double-sided blade, soil treatment, the proportion of unreturned soil treated sod band.

pp. 86-93

CALCULATING WORK VOLUME OF SPIRAL-HELICAL BATCHER

E. A. Lialin
M. A. Trutnev, Cand. Eng. Sci., Associate Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy, Perm, Russia,
113, G.Khasana St., Perm 614025 Russia,
E-mail: kaftog@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT
For dispensing animal feed to animals bulk dispensers are used in the farms. One of them is spiral-screw feeder (SSF). Helical speed can vary with time when changing the voltage and the load on the actuator. Issued dose volume will vary in a continuous mode. To eliminate this drawback it is proposed to conduct a discrete dosage by setting the number of spiral turns (the number of units issued in one revolution). The process of movement of feed, consider various types of motion in the housing SSF. On the basis of theoretical research in the process of movement of the material (SSF), we obtained expression (6, 12, 15, 17) to determine the volume of material moved at a spiral turn, these expressions make it possible to determine the number of turns of the spiral for the issuance of the necessary food portions within 1…2 kg increments fold volume inter-turn space spirals. Granulated feed (GOST 9268 — 70) was taken as dosing material. Experimental studies in the Perm State Agricultural Academy with the model sample SSF found that the average volume of a portion of feed SSF issued in one spiral turn close to the calculated values determined by the formula (17). Deviations from the theoretical volume of the dose of the experimental totaled 3.2 … 12%. The smallest error – 3.2% is on spiral with a radius of 35 mm, which proves the practical application of the resulting expression.
Key words: spiral screw feeder, discrete batching, inter-track volume, movable volume, portion.

BOTANY AND SOIL SCIENCE

pp. 94-103

BUFFERING OF MOUNTAIN SOILS IN THE SUBALPINE BELT
TO ACID TREATMENT (RESERVE «BASEGI»)

I. A. Samofalova, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor;
M. A. Kondrateva, Cand. Geo. Sci., Associate Professor,
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
Е-mail: samofalovairaida@mail.ru, mashakondrateva03@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Research on acidity and cation-exchange properties is the most informative indicators of the state of forest soils, what is an essential part of their monitoring, which is especially important in soils of specially protected areas. Landscapes of subalpine belt are considered to be the most unique mountain landscapes in the Urals. A specific feature of soil is high acidity, and therefore, they are unstable with respect to potential of acid effects from the industrial centers of the Permskii krai. The purpose of research was the study of acid properties of mountain soils and their buffer ability to the acidic effects. Objects of research were soils of sub-alpine zone in the backbone Basegi, which is a part of the nature reserve «Basegi» in the Permskii krai. We used the classification of soils of Russia 2004. Analytical studies were performed at the Department of Soil Science of the Perm State Agricultural Academy. Buffering properties of the soil were measured by method of continuous titration of salt suspensions prepared at a ratio of 1: 2.5. So, an increase in the acid of load in mountain soils of the sub-alpine belt reduces their absorbency. The structure of the buffering threshold values are pH 3.9; 3.0 and 2.5. The pH range from the starting point of the titration buffer to 3.0 of basic displacement reactions are displacement of a proton exchange cations; in humus horizons are added to them the dissociation of organic complexes, followed by protonation of organic ligands; pH is lowered below 2.5 units. The reaction may be associated with the dissolution of mixed-clay minerals. Soils of subalpine zone have low and very low buffering capacity, and as a consequence, low environmental-geochemical resistance to acid exposure. To evaluate the buffering properties, the most objective is indicator of the reduced buffering capacity that allows comparing soils formed under different environmental conditions.
Key words: acidity, buffering capacity, absorption capacity, continuous titration method, soil suspensions, protonation, mountain soils, subalpine belt.

VETERINARY AND ZOOTECHNY

pp. 104-108

DIAGNOSIS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN IMPORTED CATTLE

S. V. Ponosov, Cand.Vet.Sci.
Perm Institute of the Federal Penalty Service
125, Karpinskiy St., Perm 614012 Russia
E-mail: ponosovs@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
Peculiarities of adaptation and oxidative stress in cattle imported from Western Europe’s countries were studied in the Perm region in 2009-2013. The objects of the study were imported from Germany cattle of Holstein-Friesian breed with 4-6 month pregnancy. Analysis of feeding showed no violations of the generally accepted norms for this category of animals. Clinical examination of 896 goals showed that all incoming animals with average fatness, the skin with no signs of violations of the integrity and increase the sensitivity, general condition – satisfactory, hair disheveled, the condition of the cattle’s limbs – without damage, setting of hoofs – right, pathological disorders in the nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive and urinary systems were not revealed. For the establishment of adaptive capacity the clinical examination was carried out 25 days after the cattle was delivered (n=90). The results showed that the health status of the animals worsened. They began to molt, coat gained dull shade, horny processes with no visible glitter, 13 cattle suffered under diseases of the digestive system, which is clinically manifested by hypotonia of the scar in 8 animals and diarrhea in 5 animals, in 6% (5 animals) lymphatic nodes above the udder increased, in 9% (8 animals) diseases of the extremities were noted (softness of the hoof, lameness),17% (15 animals) showed signs of disease of the respiratory system (cough, rhinitis), in 5 animals (6%) the deaf heart sounds. For the study of adaptive processes, the blood study was conducted. In the blood of imported animals (n=5) the concentration of malondialdehyde was of 2.84 mkmol/l, the level of antioxidant activity constituted 28.57%. The level of malondialdehyde was 2.3 times higher than the physiological norm (1.0-1.2 mkmol/l).
Key words: cattle, imported cattle, heifers, oxidative stress, adaptation.

pp. 108-113

STUDYING OF PROTEUS BACTERIOPHAGES PROPERTIES

E. O. Chugunova, Cand. Vet. Sci., Associate Professor
N. A. Tatarnikova, Dr. Vet. Sci., Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: chugunova.elen@yandex.ru, tatarnikova.n.a@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
Laboratory research was carried out in Permskii krai in 2014-15. The material for research were strains of Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes allocated from meat production (fowl, beef, pork, an offal, semi-finished products), and also Salmonella spp., Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli received from the Federal State Scientific Center. Traditional methods of enrichment by Adams’s method were used during the work. Lysate was purified from bacteria and their fragments by preliminary mechanical filtration through a gauze and cotton filter, and then through the paper filter “White band”. Then it was warmed-up at 60 °C for 30 min, centrifuged for 20 min at 3000 revolutions in minute and filtrated through membrane filters. As a result of research the lysates containing active Proteus spp. bacteriophages are defined by the spot-test. Properties of phages were studied, previously having received their pure lines and having increased lytic activity. Also the analysis of their sensitivity, activity on liquid and firm nutrient mediums was carried out. First we determined specific activity of the received bacteriophages by Appelman’s method. Concentration of bacteriophages in a lysate was determined on a two-layer agar by A. Gratia method. Four sensitive and specific for Pr. vulgaris and Pr. mirabilis lysates were received as a result of the work. Three of them have shown good activity to the Proteus spp on peptone broth. The corpuscles of phages on a two-layer agar were were possible to calculate in three lysates from four. Appelman’s titer was 10-9. Gratia’s had 3.6 х 1010 corpuscles of phages. It should be noted that during storage at 4°C (supervision term – 13 months) the caption of bacteriophages did not changed, their lytic properties concerning Proteus spp. were also kept.
Key words: bacteriophages, Proteus spp., spot test, specificity, sensitivity, Appelman and Gratia titers.

ECONOMY AND ACCOUNTANCY

pp. 114-119

TO THE QUESTION OF EXPANSION OF THEORY FOR DETERMINATION
OF RURAL POPULATION EMPLOYMENT

M. S. Dyakova, Post-Graduate Student;
A. G. Svetlakov, Dr. Econ. Sci., Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
3 Lunacharskogo St., Perm 614000 Russia
E-mail: mayamaya999@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with theoretical statements for determination of employment, the cause of the low level of employment of rural population in Permskii krai. Research on employment determination was conducted. The conceptual framework on the declared subject is expanded, each author gives their definition to employment, but despite this, each of them opens economic essence of the phenomenon. Also in the paper presents the author’s interpretation for employment. The main functions of forming employment are called. The attention is paid to consideration of the factors influencing employment in the rural territories making negative impact on its level. The programs developed by the Ministry of Agriculture are directed to further development of the agricultural industry and employment in Permskii krai. The need for an integrated approach to determination of a problem of rural population employment is proved in the conclusion.
Key words: employment, agricultural industry, agricultural production, rural territories, manpower, external and internal factors.

pp. 119-126

CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS OF EFFECTIVE DEVELOPMENT IN AGRO-INDUSTRY IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY

L. Е. Krasilnikova, Cand. Econ.Sci., Associate Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
Е-mail: krasilnikova@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT
The paper presents a system conception of effective development for agro-industry in conditions of economic uncertainty reflecting author’s points of view developed in the logics of theoretical and methodological investigations and in the processes of justification for certain practical recommendations. Supporting profitability of agro-industry in conditions of today’s economic instability and uncertainty, distribution of assigned by the state investment and bridge financing of agro-producers while allocating agro-industrial territorially-economic systems enables maximizing gain of production of import-substitutive produce or competitive types of food, improving adaptive mechanisms and institution environment of agro-industry. The proposed system conception is based on the principles of allocation of agro-industrial territorially-economic systems and dominance of effect of their in-branch and inter-branch interaction upon arithmetic sum of effects of standalone activities. Allocation of agro-industrial territorially-economic systems is justified by the necessity to solve the tasks to create effective agro-industry of a region and to provide sustainable life activities for rural workers as well. The subject matter of the system conception of effective development of agro-industry in conditions of economic uncertainty is based on cause-and-effect configuration of principles and factors of organizational mechanisms of adaptive-institutional provision and tools that enable maximizing synergetic influence both at the regional level and at the level of the Russian Federation. With other words, allocation of agro-industrial territorially-economic systems refers to organization of agro-business providing evolution transition to renewed agrarian policy and improvement of institutional environment increasing competiveness of each business unit.
Key words: economic uncertainty, import substitution, sustainable development of rural areas, food safety, agro-industrial territorially-economic systems, business-units, institution environment of agro-industry, conception of effective development of agro-industry.

pp. 127-134

RURAL TERRITORIES: INVESTMENT FACTOR OF DEVELOPMENT
AND FINANCIAL SERVICES

F. Z. Michurina, Dr.Geo.Sci., Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: ot.ekonomics@pgsha.ru
S. B. Michurin, Cand. Geo. Sci., Senior Lecturer,
Perm State National Research University,
15 Bukireva St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: michura2004@rambler.ru
V. I. Shcherbakov, Sberbank of Russia,
66/1, Kuibyshev St., Perm 614016 Russia
E-mail: statskiy@bk.ru

ABSTRACT
The problem of investment provision of development of rural territories is researched. The urgency and an insufficient level of scrutiny of influence of the investment factor are shown. Investment appeal of agro-business is characterized. Increase in a role of investments is shown in the light of necessity of achievement of import substitution on the basis of growth of foodstuff production by domestic commodity producers. Quantitative settlement arguments for benefit of investment of meat and dairy grocery sub-complexes are adduced. The estimation of a policy of the banks gradually taking of more loyal position on granting of credits to agricultural enterprises is presented. The tendency of growth of value of given financial services for stabilization of a situation not only in agrarian sector of economy, but also in social sphere of ability to live of rural territories is characterized. The alternative of interests of serving structures and those who receives financial service is resulted. The social role of financial servicing and the basic approaches to optimization of an available filial network on the basis of preserving of stationary internal structural divisions of bank within rural settlements in a combination to use of new alternative kinds of financial servicing for growth of stability and development of rural territories is shown.
Key words: rural territories, investment, agrarian economy, agricultural commodity producers, financial services.

pp. 134-139

THEORETICAL PROVISIONS OF FORMING RURAL IDEOLOGY

M. N. Chernikova, Senior Lecturer;
A. G. Svetlakov, Dr. Econ. Sci., Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: dimandr@hotbox.ru, sag08perm@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
In today’s society there is an objective need to prove the possibility of the formation of the ideology of rural resident. The agrarian sector is the most important resource of subsistence (food production), vital functions (conditions and quality of life in rural areas) and living arrangement (the degree of development of a territorial habitat). Therefore, the main strategic objective of rural development is to develop efficient and sustainable agricultural production in the conditions of uncertainty and challenges of the environment. The article describes the basic concepts, principles and factors of formation of the ideology of rural resident. On the basis of the works of various scientists and authors formulated own definition of «rural ideology». The social and economic features of the formation of the ideology of the rural population in different regions were considered as well as international experience of the institute of management of agrarian territories Israel and Japan. The main idea of this paper is the study of the processes occurring in the countryside; it is necessary to create rural ideology which will be the basis for the growth of agricultural production.
Key words: ideology, agricultural sector, peasant (farmer) economy, agriculture, socio-economic situation, factors, principles, regional ideology.