PROCESSES AND MACHINERY OF AGRO-ENGINEERING SYSTEMS

pp. 4-15

PARAMETERS AND MODES OF GRAIN HEAP PRESELECTION ON THE FACTIONS IN VIBRO-LIQUEFIED LAYER AT AIR-SIEVE CLEANING (=PDF=)

V. D. Galkin, Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor; D.A. Galkin, Dr. Tech. Sci.;

S. E. Basargin, Сand. Tech. Sci.; V. A. Khandrikov, Сand. Tech. Sci.,

Perm State Agro-Technological University,

113, Geroev Khasana St., Perm, 614025, Russia

E-mail: engineer@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT

The aim of the research is to determine the parameters and modes of separation of the grain mixture with hardly separated impurities in the vibro-liquefied bed during air-sieve purification. At the present time for cleaning and sorting of seeds with non-separated impurities use ramjet technology, according to which the purified material is treated sequentially in an air-sieve machines primary, secondary cleaning, then sent to Trier and then in final clearance on pneumocontrolled table. The disadvantage of the technology is the increased loss of seeds in waste and high costs for cleaning the seed material. To eliminate these shortcomings, researchers are developing fractional technology, which provide for the preliminary separation of grain material into fractions with different types of impurities and their separate processing on machines of lower productivity. In some cases, it is possible to allocate part of the seeds corresponding to the requirements of the standard for sowing qualities of seeds with preliminary separation. At the Agricultural Machinery and Equipment Department, a variant of cleaning technology is proposed, according to which the preliminary separation is carried out in a vibro-liquefied bed. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, the parameters and modes of the process of preliminary separation of the grain heap into fractions in the vibro-liquefied layer were determined: the ratio of the sieve holes diameter to the seed length d/l=0.79…0.81, the frequency and amplitude of the sieve vibrations were 477…482 min-1; 0.0073…0.0075 m, respectively. Thus, the probability that segments of wild radish in the second fraction – 90 %, wild oat – 5..80 % , the degree of separation of fine impurities reaches 70…73 %, with the flow characteristics of the grain flow of the first fraction – 65 %.

Key words: seeds of conditioned humidity, hardly separated impurities, preliminary separation in the vibro-liquefied layer, modes.

pp. 15-23

STRUCTURE FORMING AND WEAR RESISTANCE OF SURFACED COATINGS WITH BORIDE REINFORCEMENT (=PDF=)

A. M. Kashfullin, Cand. Tech. Sci.

E-mail: a.kashfullin@mail.ru

E. V. Pepelyaeva, Cand. Tech. Sci.; S. G. Guryanov, Cand. Tech. Sci.,

Perm State Agro-Technological University,

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990, Russia

A. F. Fayurshin, Cand. Tech. Sci.

E-mail: azamatff@yandex.ru

Bashkir State Agrarian University,

34, 50-Letiya Octyabrya St., Ufa, 450001, Russia

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of study of properties of coatings by method of arc welding in protective gas environment cored wire Fe-Cr-Al-B-Y alloying system. In order to study the microstructure, microchemical and phase composition and the microhardness of the coatings cross cuts were made. The abrasive wear resistance of coatings was evaluated. It was established that the basis of deposited coatings consists of an α-solid solution and the complicated hardening phases like carboborides (Fe, Cr)2(B, C). The structural analysis revealed a layer of chromium spinel Cr2O3 FeO in the surface layer. The chemical elements are distributed in a chaotic manner along the thickness of the coatings. That indicates a complex phase composition. The microhardness of coatings is in a wide range of distribution from 300 to 670 HV with an average of about 480 HV. The wear resistance value of coatings compares with the value for armor plates and it is 1.5-2.8 times higher than the wear resistance of coatings obtained with manual arc surfacing by coated electrodes and gas-powder surfacing, respectively.

Key words: alloying system, surfacing, structure, distribution of elements by thickness, microhardness, wear resistance.

pp. 24-33

ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE ZMZ-406 ENGINE CYLINDER HEADS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RECOVERY (=PDF=)

P. V. Senin, Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor,

E-mail: vice-rector-innov@adm.mrsu.ru

N. V. Rakov, Cand. Tech. Sci., Associate Professor,

E-mail: nikolaymgu@yandex.ru

A. M. Makeykin,

E-mail: s.f.f@yandex.ru

Mordovia National Research State University

68, Bolshevistskaya St., Saransk, 430005, Russia

ABSTRACT

The article is devoted to identifying patterns of cylinder head defects of the ZMZ-406 engine during operation. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of the Mordovia National Research State University. Probability of defects occurrence is determined and statistical data processing of micrometer studies is carried out. Processing of obtained data showed that the main reasons of loss in cylinder head operating condition are the following defects with repeatability factors: deformation of joint face 0.92; wear of seats and guide bars 0.71; wear of control-shaft saddles 0.46; cracks in the body of head 0.38. Integral functions of wear distribution are constructed and the probabilities of average value excursion are determined. The values of joint face deformation of cylinder head are in the range of 0.08 … 1.20 mm when an average value is 0.37 mm and an acceptable value – 0.15 mm. The values of guide bar wear of inlet valve lie within 2 … 80 microns with acceptable 60 microns, the values of guide bar wear of outlet valve are within 3 … 128 microns with acceptable 103 microns. Wear of Ø 42 mm front-journal carriers of a control shaft are in the range of 5 … 54 microns with acceptable 25 microns. Wear of Ø 35 mm front-journal carriers of a control shaft are in the range of 0 … 54 microns with acceptable 25 microns. The research shown the following probability of wear and defect occurrence that exceed the accepted values in resource-distributing units of cylinder heads: joint face deformation – 86.1 %; guide bar wear of inlet valve – 3.8 %, guide bar wear of outlet valve – 12.7 %; wear of control-shaft saddles – 32 %. Recovery technology for control shaft holes by comprehensive methods is proposed. It includes electro-spark machining with the AK9ch aluminum electrodes and the following gas-thermal spraying with the B83-100-40 powder. Four methods of operating condition recovery for valves in dependence of total valve wear down are proposed.

Key words: cylinder head, valve mechanism, detection of defects, wear, repeatability factor, recovery of operating condition.

pp. 33-42

RESTORATION OF IMPORTED HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSIONS (ON THE EATON 6423 EXAMPLE) (=PDF=)

A.V. Stolyarov, Cand. Tech. Sci., Associate Professor;

P. A. Ionov, Cand. Tech. Sci., Associate Professor;

A.M. Zemskov, Cand. Tech. Sci.,

FSBEI HE «National Research Mordovia State University named after N.P. Ogarev»

5 Rossiskaya St., Saransk, 430904, Russia

E-mail: cabto@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

The agricultural machinery fleet in the Republic of Mordovia is currently equipped with modern energy-rich equipment not only domestically produced, but also foreign, including combines of the John Deere company. Studies, conducted at the department of technical service of machines FSBEI of HE «NI MSU named after N.P. Ogarev», have shown, that the drive gear of the combine harvesters W650 is equipped with a hydrostatic transmission EATON 6423. There are no failures during the warranty period due to failure of these hydraulic units. At the same time, it is established that the first cases of hydrostatic transmission failures begin to occur after 8-9 years of exploitation. The failed hydraulic units were decommissioned and subjected to research of the failure causes. The results of studies on the identification of defects in parts of the hydraulic pump and hydraulic motor, the reasons for their occurrence are presented in the article; the possible causes of the efficiency loss of the EATON hydrostatic transmissions were established; the main resource-limiting compounds were identified, possible restoration methods were determined, and technological and structural measures were developed for their repair and subsequent performance monitoring. As a result of bench tests, the volumetric efficiency coefficient ƞ^н_об (efficiency) of a repaired hydraulic pump was determined, which was not less than 0.95 compared to a new one. The complex of the conducted studies and restoration operations of the Eaton 6423 hydrostatic transmission parts made it possible to restore its performance to the level of a new one.

Key words: volumetric hydraulic actuator, defects, wear, restoration, performance check.

AGRONOMY

pp. 43-49

EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PEA GRAIN CULTIVATED ON SOD-PODZOLIC HEAVY LOAM SOIL OF THE PREDURALIE (=PDF=)

М. А. Аleshin, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor;

L. А. Мikhailova, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor; М. G. Subbotina, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor,

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990, Russia

E-mail: matvei0704@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

The article deals with the issue of quality change of the Agrointel variety of pea grain under pre-sowing treatment by the Rizotorfin microbial agent on the ground of ascending doses of nitrogen applied with ammonium nitrate. The relevance of study arises from the tendencies to use biological potential of plants in agricultural production, especially leguminous crops that enable us to get not only safe fodder but improve biological properties of soils with low doses of nitrogen. In 2014-2015, the research was carried out in a two-factor field experiment on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil of the Perm SATU. As a result of research, the efficiency of start dose of nitrogen equal to 30 kg/ha was confirmed. It increased crude protein content by 3.5 % (НСР₀₅ = 0.09 %), crude fiber – by 0.35 % (НСР₀₅ = 0.07 %), and crude fat – by 0.11% (НСР₀₅ = 0.01 %) in the pea grains compared to the control group. Nitrogen fertilization in doses over 45 kg/ha led to decrease in crude protein and ash content, increase in crude fiber content compared to the control. Decrease in crude fat content by 0.09 % (НСР₀₅ 0.01 %) was observed in applying the nitrogen in doses of 75-105 kg/ha. Treatment of seeds with the Rizotorfin improved the biochemical composition of grain: crude protein content increased by 0.2 %, crude fiber – by 0.1 %, and ash content – by 0.04 %.The grain obtained in all variants of the experiment met the requirements of the standard for forage pea (GOST R 54630-2011). The content of metabolic energy was at the level of 13.48-13.52, fodder units – 1.47-1.48, and fodder-protein units – 1.81-1.97 and changed insufficiently.

Key words: pea, doses of nitrogen, bacterial agent, biochemical composition, energy estimation.

pp. 50-57

THE YIELD STRUCTURE OF SPRING RAPE WHEN APPLYING IZAGRI FERTILIZER IN PEDO-CLIMATIC CONDITION OF REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN (=PDF=)

I. I. Gabbasov, Postgraduate student

R. M. Nizamov, Dr. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor

Kazan State Agrarian University

65, K. Marx St., Kazan, 420015, Republic of Tatarstan

E-mail: nizamovr@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

The study on the effectiveness of the use of fertilizers and new strains of biological products in the crops of spring rape Ratnik variety was carried out in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2015-2017 on gray forest medium-loamy soil. The soil of the experimental site is characterized by low humus content by Tyurin (3.5…3.7 %), increased availability of mobile phosphorus by Kirsanov (145…155 mg/kg), average availability of exchangeable potassium (108…120 mg/kg), phsol. – 5.8. The aim of the research is to evaluate effects of pre-sowing seed treatment, foliar application, liquid fertilizers Isagri and pre-sowing treatment of new strains of biological preparations on structure and yield of spring rape to soil and climatic conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan. According to the results of studies, the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of spring rape seeds with Isagri Force (2 l/ha) and its combination with the treatment of plants with the studied fertilizers for vegetation was revealed. Thus, in the variant without seed treatment the number of productive branches amounted to 3.0 units, as against 3.5 pcs in the variant with pre-sowing seed treatment. The best variant of the experiment with the largest number of productive pods were variants with spraying on vegetation fertilizers Izagri Twisted (57 and 61 pcs/plant) and Isagri Phosphorus (57 and 58 pcs/plant). In the complex application of mineral fertilizers and fertilizers Izagri large pods of spring rape formed, filled with large seeds with a mass of 3.5-3.7 g at the control of only 3.2 g/1000 pieces. The maximum yield of oil seeds of spring rape was obtained by processing plants with fertilizers Isagri Vita and ISA-Gris Phosphorus –2.62 and 2.50 t/ha, respectively, an increase to the control of 0.62 and 0.50 t/ha, or 31 and 25 %, respectively. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds with new strains of biopreparations had a positive effect on the yield structure of spring rape: the number of pods increases from 47 on the control to 5 pcs/plant on the variant RECB-50 B (2.0 l/t); the number of seeds will thaw from 11 to 15 pcs in the pod; the weight of 1000 seeds increases to 0.36 g. As a result, a high biological yield of 3.04 t/ha on the variant RECB-50 B (2.0 l/t). Also, the yield under the action of RECB-50 B (2 l/t of seeds) increases to 1.70 t/ha, which is higher than the control by 25 percent.

Key words: spring rape, biological products, fertilizers, yield, yield structure.

pp. 57-64

BALANCE OF HUMUS IN FIELD CROP ROTATIONS (=PDF=)

N. N. Zezin, Dr. Agr. Sci.;

P. A. Postnikov, Cand. Agr. Sci.;

M. A. Namyatov, Cand. Agr. Sci.,

Ural Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture

112a, Belinskogo St., Yekaterinburg, 620142, Russia

E-mail: nikitazezin@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT

In 2007-2015, efficiency of biologization methods on a balance of humus was studied in the Ural Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture on dark gray soil in two crop rotations. The research was carried out in five-course rotation with three kinds of nutrition: natural (without fertilizers), mineral, and organo-mineral. It is presented in summarized data of the Sverdlovsk Oblast that a negative balance of humus in the range of 0.4-0.43 t/ha was formed with the small volume of manure and compost. Average annual income of dry stubble and root residues to the soil within 3.4-5.2 t/ha compensated humus deficit by 60-95 %. The highest result was achieved in grain-grass crop rotations. The minimum result was received in grain-fallow-grass crop rotation with complete fallow. The total income of dry plants with residues, plowdown green manure and straw varied from 5.75 to 6.18 t/ha on organo-mineral ground. The maximum income was noted in grain-fallow-green manured and grain-grass crop rotations. In grain-fallow-grass crop rotation with complete fallow, the full recovery of humus decomposition is possible when 10 tons of manure applied per hectare of crop rotation area. Combination of green manure with straw once or twice per rotation provided a sufficient balance of humus. Two fields of clover in crop rotation allows complete compensating losses of humus from its mineralization. In the conditions of the Middle Ural, perennial leguminous grasses should occupy at least 20-40 % for sustainable increase in organic substances in the structure of biologized crop rotations. In crop rotations without perennial grasses, green manured fallow and use of straw as a fertilizer at least twice per rotation is essential for a deficit-less balance of humus.

Key words: crop rotation, nutrition ground, manure, green manure, straw, leguminous grasses, humus.

pp. 64-71

TERRITORIAL AND CLIMATIC ZONATION OF THE VOLOGDA OBLAST AND ITS PROSPECTS IN AGRICULTURE (=PDF=)

F. A. Kipriyanov, Cand. Tech. Sci., Associate Professor;

P. A. Savinykh,Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor,

Vologda State Dairy Farming Academy

2, Shmidta St., Vologda, 160555, Russia

E-mail: kipriyanovfa@bk.ru

ABSTRACT

Climatic conditions are one of the most important factors for efficiency of agricultural production that influence directly on field operations. Thus, the amount of temperatures and duration of frost-free period allow evaluating the potential possibility of cultivation one or another agricultural crop. Changes in global climate had an impact on the climatic conditions of the Vologda Oblast and influenced the agricultural conditions in the first instance. It is worth noting that the research on global evaluation of climatic conditions and climatic zonation of the Vologda Oblast are dated back to the previous century. The Arkhangelsk Weather Bureau introduced the most completed research of 1972. Evaluation of changed climatic conditions and formation of uniform territorial and climatic areas in the Vologda Oblast will let us estimate the potential climatic risks in agricultural production and, at the same time, increase the efficiency of measures of state support for Agro-Industry. According to the processing result of climatic data on 198 inhabited areas of the Vologda Oblast received by Yandex.Weather service, significant differences were identified in several indices of climatic conditions of the specific inhabited area. Thus, the maximum difference in amount of annual precipitation is equal to 315 mm per year; the duration of positive temperature period differs by 36 days when the difference of amount of average temperatures is more than 1000°С. Cluster analysis allowed forming eight uniform territorial and climatic areas in the Vologda Oblast. These areas were significantly different from each other, for instance, in the amount of average temperatures – by 805°С. Duration of frost-free period was more than 20 days with the slightly difference of the average indices of annual precipitation – 77 mm.

Key words: climatic conditions, weather forecast service, Yandex.Weather, agro-climatic zonation, territorial and climatic areas.

pp. 72-78

CHANGE IN THOUSAND-SEED WEIGHT AND ITS EFFECT ON YIELD CAPACITY OF COMMON FLAX DEPENDING ON VARIETY AND WEATHER CONDITIONS (=PDF=)

A. P. Kolotov, Cand. Agr. Sci., Senior Researcher,

Ural Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture – division of Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

21, Glavnaya St., Poselok Istok, 620061, Yekaterinburg, Russia

Е-mail: ankolotov@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT

The article deals with the issues related to the cultivation of oil-producing common flax – a new crop for the Middle Ural. The aim of research was to identify the features of change in 1000-seed weight depending on variety and conditions of vegetative period. The object of research was represented by flax seeds of three varieties obtained in field experiments in 2012-2018. The experiments were carried out on dark gray forest soils, typical for the Sverdlovsk Oblast. Years of observation were different in temperature and water availability. It is established that the value of 1000-seed weight depends on variety and cultivation conditions. The share of factor «variety» was 87.9 %, the factor «year conditions» – 11.8 %. 1000-seed weight of the Severny variety can range from 6.54 g to 9.00 g, the Uralsky variety – from 6.51 g to 9.10 g, and the LM 98 – from 4.23 g to 6.50 g. High variability of 1000-seed weight is noted in individual plants in the nursery of breeder seeds of the Uralsky variety. It is proposed to use this indicator in the system of improving seed production under selection of elite plants. The formula of calculation of biological productivity based on numeric values of its structure is presented. It is shown that due to increase in 1000-seed weight per 1 gram, the biological yield capacity of the Uralsky flax variety can be increased by 0.36 t/ha under the condition of equal density of standing plants before harvesting, equal number of bolls in one plant and number of seeds in the boll.

Key words: common flax, variety, biological yield capacity, yield structure, 1000-seed weight.

pp. 78-87

STATE OF PRODUCTION AND GRAIN CONSUMPTION (=PDF=)

A. M. Lentochkin, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor,

Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy

16, Kirova St., Izhevsk, 426033, Russia

E-mail: lenalmih@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

Grain is a multi-purpose and the most demanded plant product. Many countries of the world have a great demand for grain and are ready to purchase large amounts of it. Due to increase in grain production, Russia satisfies all basic domestic needs. It moved from importers into the category of large grain exporters. A further increase in the volume of grain production in Russia can be ensured by both expanding the cultivated area and increasing the yield capacity of grain crops in almost all federal districts of the Russian Federation, including the Non-Chernozem zone. Another serious problem in grain production is reduction of its quality. Among the harvested wheat grain, wheat of class I and II is practically non-existent and its main share falls on class IV. Use of low-quality grain causes the need for quality improvers that increases a unit cost. It is established by many scientists that genetic potential of varieties as well as soil and climatic conditions in most regions of the country allow obtaining a significantly higher level of wheat grain yield capacity and achieving its quality of commodity class III.

Key words: grain production, yield capacity, wheat grain quality.

pp. 87-94

EFFECT OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON SEED PRODUCTIVITY AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SPRING RAPE VARIETIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE PREDURALIE (=PDF=)

A. V. Mokrushina, Post-Graduate Student;

A. S. Bogatyreva, Сand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor;

E. D. Akmanaev, Сand. Agr. Sci., Professor,

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990, Russia

E-mail: akmanaev@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

The article presents the results of two-factor field experiment on the effect of mineral fertilizers on seed productivity and biochemical composition of the Ratnik spring rape variety and the Smilla hybrid of foreign selection. In 2016-2018, the research was carried out on sod-fine podzolic heavy loamy soil of the scientific and training experimental field of the Perm SATU. Biochemical analysis of seeds was carried out in the Laboratory of Agrozootechnologies Development of the Perm SATU. The respond of both varieties to the introduction of ascending doses of nitrogen fertilizers as well as the use of full mineral complex was positive. Each subsequent escalation of nitrogen dose according to the experimental design led to a significant increase in yield capacity. Application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers increased yield capacity in all variants in comparison with similar variants without the application. The highest yield capacity was observed in the Smilla hybrid (2.95 t/ha), the maximum yield capacity in the Ratnik variety was 2.32 t/ha. Significant difference in biochemical composition of seeds between the varieties was not detected. Ascending doses of nitrogen fertilizers contributed to increase in the content of crude fat, ash, and fiber. The highest content of crude protein and nitrogen was observed when 30-60 kg/ha of nitrogen were applied both in pure form and together with phosphorus-potassium nutrition. The Smilla hybrid exceeded the Ratnik variety in gross collection of crude fat and protein by 140 and 63 kg/ha, respectively. The highest yield capacity, gross collection of crude fat and protein were formed by agrocenosis grown on phosphorus-potassium ground with nitrogen dose of 120 kg/ha for the Ratnik variety and 90 kg/ha for the Smilla hybrid.

Key words: spring rape, fertilizers, yield capacity, biochemical composition, gross collection, fat, protein.

pp. 94-101

THE SORT TESTING RESULTS OF KRASNOOBSKAYA SOYBEAN IN THE NORTHERN TRANS-URALS (=PDF=)

A. N. Sozonova, graduate student,

E-mail: yagovkina-anastasiya@mail.ru;

A. S. Ivanenko, Dr. Agr. Sci., prof.,

E-mail: ivanenkove@mail.ru,

FSBEI HE «Northern Trans-Urals State Agricultural University»,

7 Respubliki St., Tyumen, 625003, Russia

ABSTRACT

In 2016, the soybean sort Krasnoobskaya, created by the breeders of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Northwestern Branch of the TyumSC SB RAS branch (Tyumen region) and SFNTSA RAS (Novosibirsk region), was transferred to the state testing in the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Northern Trans-Urals. It was described by the creators as early maturing, fruitful, resistant to cracking of beans, resistant to lodging, short stem, with a high content of protein and fat in the seeds. We have conducted researches of this sort, together with other early ripening soybean sorts from Siberian and European Russia on the experimental field of the Agro-technological Institute of the Northern Trans-Urals State Agricultural University. For 2016-2018 the sort indeed proved itself to be early ripening, its annual growing season was less than 100 days, it did not lodge, was short stem, its beans did not much crack, the lower beans attached to the stem at a height of 9 cm, which is convenient for mechanized harvesting. Diseases and pests did not damage the sorts. The yield of Krasnoobskaya soybean was higher than the standard sort by 5.1 q / ha, or by 32.9%. The weight of 1000 seeds is average, at the level of other high-seed sorts – 153 g, the nature of the seeds was comparable to other large-seeded sorts: SibNIIK 315 and Omskaya 4. The fat content in seeds of the soybean sort Krasnoobskaya was at the level of the sort — standard, the protein content exceeded the standard sort at 5% — 40.4%, but almost the same with other early ripening sorts. The new sort in yield, length of the growing season, fat content and protein is suitable for cultivation in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia, along with other early ripening sorts.

Key words: Tyumen region, soybean, sort, precocity, local selection, yield, seed quality.

pp. 101-109

INFLUENCE OF THE NITROGEN FERTILIZERS FORMS ON YIELD AND BIOCHEMICAL COPMOSITION OF THE SPRING RAPE SEEDS (=PDF=)

A. M. Khairullin;

F. Ya. Bagautdinov, Dr. Biol. Sci., Professor; R. R. Gaifullin, Dr. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor;

A.V. Valitov, Cand. Agr. Sci.; B. G. Akhiyarov, Cand. Agr. Sci.,

Bashkir State Agrarian University,

34 Pyatidesyatiletiya Oktyabrya St., Ufa, 450001, Russia

E-mail: Valit_84@mail.ru

ABSTRACT

The results of studies on the nitrogen fertilizer forms influence on the formation of yield and biochemical composition of spring rape seed sort Yubileiny are presented. Field experiments and laboratory tests were conducted in 2016-2018 in the Educational and Scientific Center of the Bashkir State Agrarian University. Examined nitrogen fertilizers increased the yield of rape seed by 0.38-0.54 t / ha, or 24-34% in comparison with the control, with the yield at the control 1.58 t / ha. The share of nitrogen in the rape yield increase is 24.0-34% of the total effect of full mineral fertilizer (NPK), depending on the forms of fertilizers. Studies of the nitrogen fertilizers applying effectiveness have revealed a significant variation in the payback of the 1 kg active substance (a.s.) nitrogen with a rape yield – 6.3 – 9.0 kg. The version with the ammonium sulfate adding showed a higher payback of one kilogram active substance of nitrogen by an increase in the yield of seeds in comparison with the variants with urea and ammonium salt — 9.0; 7.7; 6.3 kg respectively. When growing rape on the background of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (control), the fat content in the seeds was the lowest – 39.90%, the ammonium nitrate and urea addition contributed to an increase in the fat content – 40.80; 40.92%, respectively. The ammonium sulfate addition increased the fat content by 1.42% (41.32%). The crop yield of fat per unit area increased due to seed yield and the mass fraction of fat increase, depending on the applied nitrogen fertilizers. The Crop yield of fat according to the experiment variants amounted to 0.80-0.88 t / ha, in the control – 0.63 t / ha, an increase in comparison with the control – by 27-39%. Conventionally, the net profit of ammonium sulfate addition was 11.33 thousand rubles / ha, urea – 10.27 thousand rubles / ha, ammonium nitrate – 9.4 thousand rubles / ha.

Key words: leached chernozem, spring rape, quality, plant nutrition, crude protein, fat.

pp. 109-115

THE RESPONSE OF DENS OATS TO AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES IN PREDURALIE (=PDF=)

N. N. Yarkova, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990, Russia

Е-mail: nadezhda.yarkova@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT

For each variety of crops there must be its own cultivation technology, the basic technology of the culture must be clarified for a particular variety. So, as a result of many years of research conducted at the experimental field of Perm SATU, the reaction of oats Dens variety to some elements of its cultivation technology was established. When studying the influence of fertilizers in 2008-2010the fertilizers did not influence the oats Dens sowed without fertilizer and with introducing (NPK)₃₀. It was revealed that fertilizers affect this variety differently. Both in the dry year (HTC = 1.0), and with sufficient moisture (HTC = 1.5) fertilizers did not influence the oats. However, in a dry year under wet conditions during tillering – stem elongation (HTC = 1.7), there was a significant increase in yield by 0.34 t / ha in convenient conditions. In a year with sufficient moisture, the yield of oats Dens was obtained at the level of 5 t / ha, in dry years – 2.85 — 3.21 t / ha. When studying the seeding rate and the predecessor, it was revealed that for Dens oats red clover is an excellent predecessor, the yield was 2.28 t / ha (with 304 pieces / m² of productive stalks and 1.25 g of panicle productivity), and winter rye – 2,08 t / ha (with 294 pcs / m² of productive stems and 1.08 g of panicle productivity). The yield on the clover meadow as predecessor is higher, due to the higher productivity of the panicle 1.2-1.3 g. The highest yield (2.28-2.55 t / ha) on this predecessor was obtained at 6 million germinating seeds per 1 hectare, in this case 346 — 355 pcs / m² productive stalks were formed. As a result, oats Dance should be sowed on sod-podzolic soils after red clover with the seeding rate 6 million germinating seeds per hectare and in introducing the NPK in a dose of 30 kg a.s./ha.

Key words: oats, productivity, variety, seeding rate, fertilizers, predecessor.

VETERINARY AND ZOOTECHNY

pp. 116-123

HYSTOGENESIS OF THE NERVE-MUSCLE ELEMENTS IN SKELETAL MUSCLES OF PECOCIAL ANIMALS ON EXAMPLE OF THE CATTLE HUMERAL ARTICULATION MUSCLES (=PDF=)

N. V. Bobrikova, Сand. Biol. Sci., Associate Professor

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990, Russia

Е-mail: vnb@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT

Prenatal development of the nerve-muscle elements in muscles of the cattle humeral articulation was studied. They are highly differentiated till birth moment, but their development is not finished. Till 50 days muscles consist of the myoblasts, later myosymplasts appear, then till the birth moment muscle elements become myotubullis, young and ripe muscle fibers (MF), and muscles consist of ripe MF. Growth of quantity and thickness of MF is not finished by the birth moment. Hystochemical types of MF on the basis of succinatdehydrogenase activity A, B, C appear at 7months of age. Later MF of the type B become prevalent. In the nerves raising of the nerve fibers (NF) quantity and their myelinisation take place. In several nerves (preshoulderblade) quantity of NF stabilizes at 7-month age, in others – raises till the birth moment. Myelinisation begins at 4 months. At 9 months half of NF are not myelinased, thick NF in several nerves of some foetuses are absent. Poor development of newborn pecocial animals NF is the result of the absence of possibility for muscles to function with high loading, as in postnatal life. Correlation of quantity MF : NF grows in stato-dynamic muscles, but in dynamic muscles it falls. Development of motor nerve terminals (MNT) correlates with MF differentiation. Axones’ contacts with myosymplasts of 2-3-months foetuses are primitive. The button-like MNT appear on the young MF and perfectly developed ones – on ripe MF. At 9 months of age MNT are like ones in muscles of adult animals.

Key words: neuromuscular elements, myelination, histogenesis of myons, innervation, motor nerve endings.

pp. 123-128

EXPERIENCE OF USING GABAPENTIN, ZOLETIL 100 AND XYLA FOR ANALGESIA AND SEDATION OF LABORATORY MICE IN THE EXPERIMENT (=PDF=)

V. A. Zimenkov, Postgraduate student

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990, Russia

Е-mail: oknoperm@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The article describes the experience of using Gabapentin, Zoletil 100 and Xyla for sedation and analgesia of laboratory mice in order to decrease distress, anguish and pain after blood draw by cutting off the tip of the tail. During the experiment mature female mice, 3-4 months old, weight 22-25 g were used. They were divided into four experimental groups, 10 mice in each. Since blood draw is in any case accompanied by pain, it was necessary for all four groups to take Gabapentin diffused in water perorally (po), dose 1500 mpg (24 hours prior to procedure). Second group additionally got Zoletil 100 injection – 20 mpg intramuscularly (im), third group additionally got Xyla injection subcutaneously (sc), dose 5 mpg, fourth group got combination of Xyla and Zoletil 100 im, doses 5 and 10 mpg, respectively. Time parameters of sedation and analgesia depending on dose size and drugs’ combinations in experimental animals were assessed. The analysis of results shows that optimal sedation procedure includes: absolute diet – 4-6 hours, Gabapentin – 1500 mpg/day po with water in drinking bowl starting from 24 hours prior to procedure, Zoletil 100 — 20 mpg im, right before the blood draw. Using this procedure good analgesia, quick entrance into sedative state, enough time to make procedures with mice, and relatively quick anesthesia recovery are attained.

Key words: Gabapentin, Zoletil 100, Xyla, laboratory mouse, experiment, pain, sedation, analgesia.

pp. 128-136

MILK YIELD AND LONGEVITY OF HIGH YIELDING COWS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON HOLSTEIN BREED BLOOD SHARE (=PDF=)

E. N. Martynova, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor

V. Yu. Yakimova, Postgraduate student

Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy

11, Studencheskaya St., Izhevsk, 426069, Russia

E-mail: valentina.yaki@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT

Milk productivity and productive longevity of highly productive cows of different levels of productivity depending on the Holstein breed blood share were studied. A group of cows that were eliminated from 2012 to 2017 with complete lactation was selected for the study. The analysis of milk production of highly productive cows on the highest lactation depending on the blood share of Holstein breed did not reveal a significant difference in milk yield. Among the most productive cows, significant increase in milk yield was observed for 305 days of maximum lactation along with an increase in Holstein breed blood share, as a whole for the studied livestock difference was 321.4 kg (P ≤ 0.05), in the collective farm «Udmurtia» 661.8 kg (P≤0.05). A significant decrease in the mass fraction of fat in milk in highly productive cows by 0.14 % (P ≤ 0.05) was found. With increasing Holstein breed blood share, on average in studied livestock there was a reduction in the use period of the cows by 2.32-2.04 lactations (P≤0.01), from 5.85 to 3.53 lactations – in highly productive cows and from 6.32 to 4.28 lactations in the most productive cows. Lifetime yield of high-yielding cows and the most productive cows declined with the increase in Holstein breed blood share. So, in cows with 88.0% blood share or higher it was less by 13073.2-11370.5 kg, respectively, compared to cows with 50.0-74.0 %. The studied cattle demonstrated the reduction in the average age of life, period of productive use, number of milking days and the average milk yield per 1 day of life with increasing Holstein breed blood share.

Key words: highly productive cows, top performer cows, milk productivity, crownest, productive longevity, lifetime milk yield.

pp. 136-142

INTEGRATED EFFECT OF THE VITADAPTIN, THE GUVITAN-C, AND THE GERMIVITI ON THE ABSOLUTE LEVEL OF LEUKOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, AND NEUTROPHILS IN THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD OF DRY COWS (=PDF=)

S. L. Rastorguyeva;

D. F. Ibishov, Dr. Vet. Sci., Professor;

A. P. Osipov, Cand. Med. Sci., Associate Professor,

Perm State Agro-Technological University

23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm, 614990, Russia

E-mail: vnb@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT

The joint effect of the Vitadaptin, the Guvitan-C, and the Germivit on the blood cell composition was studied on 30 white-and-black dry cows, 5-6 years old, at the Lipovaya Gora Educational and Experimental Farm of the Perm Krai. Cows in the control group received a standard diet. The Vitadaptin was intramuscularly injected to the cows of the first experimental group that received fodder with the Guvitan-C. The second experimental group received the Germivit in addition to the Vitadaptin and the Guvitan-C. The total leukocyte count increased in the blood of all groups of dry animals, the total lymphocyte count was unchanged. By the 30^th and 60^th day, neutrophils in the blood of the control group increased by 18 and 35 %, respectively, in the first experimental group – by 21 and 38 %, in the second group – by 32 and 29 %. The concentration of stab neutrophils in the control group increased by 57-64 %, in the first experimental group – by 21-43 %, in the second experimental group – by 92-123 %. Segmented neutrophils in the control group increased by 17 and 34 %, in the first experimental group – by 21 and 38 %, in the second experimental group – by 30 and 25 %. The share of stab cells in the total neutrophil count increased in the control group, was unchanged in the first experimental group, increased significantly in the second experimental group. In control animals, increase in the neutrophil concentration derived from acceleration of their release from the blood-forming organs and decrease in severity of maturation delay in the blood at the beginning of the dry period. Combined use of the Guvitan-C and the Vitadaptin prevents changes in maturation rate of neutrophils, reduces intensity of their release from the blood-forming organs, and slows down migration from the blood. Integrated application of the Guvitan-C, the Vitadaptin, and the Germivit significantly accelerates release of neutrophils from the blood-forming organs. Immediately before calving, it slows down maturation of neutrophils in the bloodstream and accelerates their migration in other organs and tissues of cow and, possibly, fetus more than 2 times compared to the control group.

Key words: cows, feed supplements, veterinary medicines, dry period, leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, blood cells.

pp. 143-151

HELMINTHIASIS OF PACIFIC SALMONS ON THE KAMCHATKA PENINSULA (=PDF=)

A.V. Sogrina, Cand. Bio. Sci.; I. O. Kulemeeva,

Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Kamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography» («KamchatNIRO»)

18 Naberezhnaya St., Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kamchatka Kray, 683000, Russia

G. D. Yakusheva,

Veterinary clinic «NEBOLIT»

24 V. Kamensky St., Perm, 614046, Russia

E-mail: sograv@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT

The infection of salmon by anisacidosis and diphyllobothriasis pathogens has been recorded in the Kamchatka Kray for many years. The purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of Anisakis sp. Saidov, 1956 and Diphyllobothrium sp. Cobbold, 1858 for Pacific salmon in Kamchatka, to determine the extensiveness indicators (EI), average invasion intensity (II), abundance index (AI). During 2018, 225 species of mature Pacific salmon were selected from the main spawning reservoirs of the Kamchatka Kray, which include the Bolshaya, Klyuchevka, Plotnikova, Avacha rivers and Azabachye, Kurilskoye, B. Viluyi lakes. Samples were also taken in the coastal areas of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky city. The study of the fish muscle tissue by the parallel cuts method and compression method was conducted. The invasion of the Oncorhynchus nerka by the larvae of Anisakis sp. was established, where EI were 93.3-100.0%, II and AI were 28.0-46.7. The Oncorhynchus keta infection rates were within: EI 86.6-100.0%, II 17.5-41.3, AI 14.2-41.3. The Oncorhynchus gorbuscha — EI 46.6-65.5%, II 3.4-5.5, AI 1.6-3.6. The Oncorhynchus ksuch was infected by nematode larvae to a lesser extent, EI was 30–46.6%, II was 3.7–7.3, AI was 1.7–2.2. The Pacific salmon were infected by the larvae of Anisakis sp. in all studied reservoirs. To a greater extent was infected with plerocercids Diphyllobothrium sp. the O. кeta from the Bolshaya, Paratunka, Avacha rivers, where EI were 53.3–60.0%, II was 4.8–9.8, and AI 2.5–5.9. The invasion by diphyllobotrium was registered in pink salmon caught in estuary of the Bolshaya river, EI were 34.5%, II — 2.4, AI — 0.8. The O. ksuch was infected with Diphyllobothrium sp. within: EI 10.0–20.0%, II 2.7–3.3, AI 0.3–0.6. Muscle of the O. nerka, selected from the Bolshaya river, was infected by the plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium sp., where EI was 13.3%, II – 2.0, and AI – 0.3. In connection with the fish infection by dangerous parasites, it is necessary to strictly comply with the veterinary and sanitary standards for processing and consumption of fish raw materials.

Key words: Kamchatka, Pacific salmon, food safety, Anisakis sp., Diphyllobothrium sp.