AGRONOMY AND FORESTRY

pp. 3-7

DEPENDENCE OF GRAIN SEEDS LABORATORY GERMINATION ON METEOROLOGICAL AND AGROTECHNICAL CONDITIONS

S.L. Eliseev, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor
N.N. Iarkova, Cand. Agr. Sci.,
N.V. Ashikhmin, Post-Graduate Student,
I.V. Batueva, Post-Graduate Student
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
Е-mail: psaa-eliseev@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Influence of different agrotechniques on grain seeds laboratory germination was studied in Permskii krai in 2008-2010 and 2012-2015. Field experiments were laid on typical for Preduralie sod-podzolic heavy loamy middle-cultivated soils. Fertility bonitet of their tilth top varied from 50 to 66 points. Hydrothermic coefficient varied from 1.0 to 2.4. Laboratory germination of seeds was high and constituted in wheat from 93 to 98 %, barley – from 95 to 98%, oats – from 93 to 94%. In the years of the experiment grain crops seeds correspond with the level of the highest sowing standard category. No close linear connection was found between hydrothermic value and seeds laboratory germination. Harvest techniques and moderate fertilizers doses did not affect the seeds laboratory germination value. Research of the years 2013-2015 confirmed that oats seeds laboratory germination did not depend on hydrothermic conditions. Oats seeds laboratory germination reduces by 4% when sowing after barley with the sowing rate 6 Mio germinated seeds per hectare in compare with the seeds obtained after favorable predecessors (winter rye, clover, peas) and with sowing rate 4 Mio germinated seeds per hectare.
Key words: grain crops, laboratory germination, hydrothermic coefficient, agrotechniques.

pp. 7-15

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TILLAGE COMPLEX ON SOIL AGROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND BARLEY YIELD CAPACITY

Iu.N. Zubarev, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor
Ia.V. Subbotina, Cand. Agr. Sci, Associate Professor
E.G. Kuchukbaev, Cand. Agr. Sci.,
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: innovador59@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Influence of tillage on agrophysical soil properties were studied with the aim to harvest not less than 5 t/ha in the Middle Preduralie in 2010-2012. Investigations were conducted with spring barley Gonar in a multifactor experiment on the scheme: factor А – basic tillage (А1 – cultivation with PLN-3-35 plough at a depth of 20-22 cm – control; А2 – flat plowing with VN Plus LM 550 “Vogel&Noot” plough at a depth of 20-22 cm), factor В – pre-sowing tillage (В1 –cultivation KPS-4 with harrowing at a depth of 10-12 cm – control; В2 – subsurface cultivation with KPE-3.8А at a depth of 10-12 cm; В3 – disk plowing with disk harrow BDT-3 at a depth of 10-12 cm). The experimental plot had sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil with 2.54-2.78% of humus, 185-193 mg/kg of labile phosphorus, 146-152 mg/kg of exchange potassium, 17.8-18.6 mg-eq/100 g of total absorbed bases, рНKCL 5.1-5.3 in 0-28 cm of arable layer. Soil bulk density was determined by the Kachinskii method, aggregate analysis by the Savinov method fractioning soil in air-dry state in the sieve column, soil water-stability was determined with the Baksheev device. The highest amount of water-stable aggregates was obtained (85.9%) in the complex tillage of meadow clover layer: flat plowing + subsurface cultivator at a depth of 10-12 cm. Correlation dependence of barley yield on water-stable fraction 7–0.25 mm in particular periods was established: at seedling stage (r=0.69); at tillering stage (r=0.79); at harvest stage (r=0.55). In barley vegetation period, 30 cm root layer density increases irrespectively of tillage complex, from 1.17–1.43 at seedling stage to 1.24–1.52 g/cm3 – at harvest stage. Flat plowing at basic tilling stage allows 0.41 t/ha of yield gaining in comparison to conventional for the Middle Preduralie plowing with plough and coulter. Combination of flat plowing and pre-sowing subsurface bursting at a depth of 10-12 cm provides 5.25 t/ha of barley yield.
Key words: structure aggregates, yield capacity, barley, clover layer, tilth, density.

pp. 16-21

MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF WINTER RYE SHOOTS OF DIFFERENT FORMATION ORDER

M.S. Nekhoroshikh, Post-Graduate Student
R.R. Ismagilov, Dr. Agr. Sci., Professor
Bashkir State Agrarian University,
34, 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., Ufa 450001 Russia
E-mail: ismagilovr_bsau@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Spring rye variety Chulpan 7 was studied under conditions of southern forest-steppe of Bashkortostan Republic. Soil of experimental plot was leached chernozem with heavy loamy granulometric composition, with organic matter content 9.35%, available phosphorus – 80 mg/kg and exchangeable potassium – 110 mg/kg. Depth of humus horizon constitutes 45 cm, рН 5.6. Sowing was conducted in four-course rotation with the following crops: pure fallow, winter rye, spring wheat, barley. Introduction of calurea 30 kg/ha and treatment with the insecticide Bi-58 Novyi were conducted in spring in frozen-thawed soil. Experiment research showed that winter rye shoots formed not simultaneously, but in certain consequence. The process of shoot formation lasted for 61 days, and the last shoot appeared 49 days after formation of the main shoot. Time of shoot formation determines the further growth and development of a plant. The later a shoot forms, the more accelerated it develops, and therefore, it has lower morphometric indices. The period «ear formation — blossoming» of VI formation order shoot (8th day) was twice shorter than of the main shoot (15th day). In general the difference in duration of VI formation order vegetation constituted 41 days. The processes of growth and development of shoots of different formation order run in different external conditions. Dissimilar external conditions along with nonsimultaneous formation determine morphometric parameters of shoots of different formation order. Length of culm stem of the first formation order was in average 93.8 cm, and of the VI formation order – 38.9 cm, ear length 10.9 cm and 5.9 cm, respectively. Mass of 1 cm of culm decreased from 6.87 mg to 4.17 mg, culm diameter and thickness decreased from 3.883 mm to 2.142 mm and from 0.476 mm to 0.287 mm, respectively. Ears of stems of the III, IV and V orders formed with higher ear density 3.29; 3.32 and 3.15, respectively. The ears of the main, second and sixth formation orders were relatively pithy (2.59-2.92).
Key words: winter rye, shoot formation, heterogeneity of shoots, morphometric parameters, ear size.

pp. 22-29

COMPLEX EFFICIENCY OF BIOLOGIZATION OF SPRING WHEAT CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY

O.A. Olenin, Post-Graduate Student
Vyatskaya State Agricultural Academy
113, Oktyabrskii Prospect, Kirov 610017 Russia
E-mail:171003@rambler.ru
F.A. Popov, Cand. Agr. Sci.,
E.N. Noskova, Cand. Agr. Sci.
Agriculture Research Institute of North-East
166a, Lenina St., Kirov 610007 Russia

ABSTRACT
The aim of the research was to determine the impact of the main biologization elements of spring wheat cultivation technology on agro-technological, economic, bio-energetic and agro-ecological efficiency of technologies in different soil and climatic conditions. Many crop cultivation technologies occurred in stationary multi-factor experiments. Efficiency of a technology must be evaluated on for integrated indicators: agrotechnological – yield capacity, economic – profitability, energetic – energy efficiency ratio, and agro-ecological – consumption of technogenic energy. We propose to estimate the efficiency of a technology on integrated indicators in the aggregate, which is suggested to be named complex efficiency and measured in balls. Based on analysis of complex efficiency in chernozem forest-steppe of Zavolzhie in grain-fallow crop rotation for high agrotechnological, economic, bioenergetic, and agro-ecological efficiency to be reached, spring wheat should be cultivated in the link of pure or fallow crop rotation with organic fertilizer system (mild straw) and surface tilling at the depth to 6-8 cm. In sod-podsolic middle loamy soil of Russia’s North-Eastern part for high complex efficiency of technology to be reached, spring wheat should be cultivated using combined subsurface basic tillage at the depth to 14-16 cm with pre-sowing treatment with combined aggregate APPN-2.1 and introducing biopreparation Pseudobacterin-2.
Key words: technology biologization, productivity, profitability, energy efficiency ratio, technogenic energy consumption, complex efficiency of technology.

pp. 30-34

CHOICE OF COMPONENTS RATIO FOR LAWNS IN ROADSIDE LANDSCAPING

M.V. Seregin, Cand. Agr. Sci., Assoc.Prof.
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23, Petropavlovskaya St. Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: mi2403@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
Rapid landscaping effect is important in territory development. For this reason, manufacturers of grass mixtures add fast-evolving species, one of which Lolium perenne is. But such grass mixtures are not longevous. Lolium perenne thins out very fast under conditions of Middle Preduralie. In 2010-2013, some research was conducted with the aim to determine optimal amount for Lolium perenne to be added into grass mixture without reducing the quality indicators of lawn. To create lawn canopy, Festuca rubra variety Sverdlovskaya 37 and Lolium perenne variety TsNA were used. The observation indicated that the number of shoots reduces in the studied grass mixtures in the second year. The cause of this reduction is thinning of Lolium perenne. Thinning is quite high in components ratio: 80% – Festuca rubra +20% – Lolium perenne, where thinning constituted 55 % in compare with the shoots number in the first year. Increasing share of Lolium perenne in the studied grass mixtures does not affect thinning; in grass mixture 50%+50% thinning constituted 72%. The tendency remained in the following years. The grass mixture with components ratio 90% Festuca rubra + 10% Lolium perenne is more long-range, as well as 100 % sowing of Festuca rubra. The given agrocenoses provided lawn of high quality with the projective cover 85-91 % during the period of the experiment.
Key words: grass mixture, component, lawn quality, shoot density, projective cover, landscaping, thinning.

pp. 34-39

CARE TECHNIQUES AND THEIR IMPACT ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF EARLY-RIPENING POTATO RED SCARLETT

N.V. Chukhlantsev, Post-Graduate Student,
S.L. Eliseev, Professor,
A.A. Skryabin, Associate Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: Skr-kfh@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
An experiment with the aim to develop an optimum care technique for Red Scarlett potato growing was conducted in 2013-2014 to yield 35 t/ha. Field single-factor experiment was laid on sod-podzolic middle loamy soil with organic matter 2.7%, middle acid reaction of medium (pHKCl 4.7), with high content of labile phosphor 167 мг/кг and high content of exchange potassium 244 mg/kg. Soil cultivation included: in autumn – stubbling and under-winter plowing of arable layer, in spring – early-spring harrowing and pre-seeding cultivations with harrowing at the depth of 8 – 10 cm. Fertilizers were introduced in the dose N90P90K120 for pre-seeding cultivation, fertilizer form – diammophoska (NPK 10:26:26), ammonium nitrate (N 34), potash chloride (К 60). Seeding rate was – 47.6 thousands tubers per hectare (70×30 cm). Inter-row cultivation was conducted with cultivator KON-2.8 according to the scheme of the experiment. Rimus herbicide and VDG insecticide were applied in a dose 50 g/ha + sticking agent. Influence of pre- and post-seeding inter-row cultivations number and herbicide on potato yield capacity and quality was studied. No studied variants gained the planned yield 35 t/ha. Meteorological conditions of hot and dry 2013 and cold and wet 2014 did not favor high crop yield. Investigation data showed that reducing of mechanical cultivations number led to decrease of plants number to be harvested, however, number of stems per hectare and in a bush increased, as well as mass and tubers number from a bush. Content of marketable fraction in all variants was high, but decreased as a result of herbicide application. No substantial differences were found between variants in the experiment.
Key words: potatoes, productivity, inter-row cultivation, herbicide, marketability, starch content.

AGRO-ENGINEERING

pp. 40-45

INTERVAL ESTIMATION OF SEEDS DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS

A.F. Koshurnikov, Cand. Tech. Sci.,
D.A. Koshurnikov
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: shm@pgsha.ru

ABSTRACT
The paper proposes to select dimensions number in such a way that dispersion as the basic characteristic of equal seeds distribution appears in specified limits. For this aim, the methods of probability theory and mathematical statistics were applied. Plotting a confidential interval for dispersion is based as a rule on 2-distribution (Pearson distribution); however, this method is absolutely precise when studied values have normal probability distribution. In addition2 – distribution is asymmetric, and confidential interval will depend both on location at number-scaled axes and its parameters. That creates additional difficulties for precision estimation of dispersion estimating. To determine gamma-distribution moments we can use its characteristic function u(х), Fourier transformation. Plotting confidential intervals for number characteristics of seeds distribution in single-seed planting, based on application of maximum likelihood features esteems enables explaining dimensions number required for acceptable precision of estimation.
Key words: confidential intervals, geometrical distribution, precision.

pp. 45-50

ESTIMATION OF GRAIN CROPS SEEDING-DOWN DEPTH WITH SOWING SYSTEMS

P.A. Boloev, Dr. Ing. Sci., Professor
G.N. Poliakov, Cand. Tech. Sci., Associate Professor
S.N. Shukhanov, Dr. Tech. Sci., Professor
Irkutsk State Agrarian University named after A.A. Ezhevskii
Molodezhnyi, Irkutskii District, Irkutskaya oblast 664038 Russia
E-mail: Shuhanov56 @mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Grain crops seeds distribution on the seeding-down depth was studied at the different sowing time implemented with tilling-sowing systems equipped with A-blade subsoil openers. The experiment was conducted in Belorechenskoye OJSC with sowing systems Kuzbass, Konkord, and Omichka. The technique included determination of seeding depth on the length of pale shoot part when the second leaf appeared. Seeding depth was measured after one subsoil opener at 1 m interval of each section of tilling-sowing system. Sowing was implemented upon disk harrowed tillage and upon stubble. Sowing machinery was implemented to normal technical conditions and adjusted at specified seeding rate 300-400 kg/ha and seeding depth 0.03-0.08 m. It was established that high-frequency fluctuations were supported by technological random processes of tilling and sowing. At early sowing time and increased soil moisture A-blades are unstable at the depth, only 41-44% of seeds are seeded down in compliance with agrotechnique requirements. At late sowing time with soil moisture reduction A-blades put down 56-58% of seeds at the specified depth and cut weeds. In both cases blades do not supply complete fulfillment of requirements. When ear grain crop are seeded, seeds are laid down at a depth of 0.01 to 0.12 m, what does not provide optimal conditions for sprouting.
Key words: grain cultivation recourse-saving technology, grain location histograms, workflows, calculation algorithm, correlation function, spectral density, random processes, seeding systems, seed depth distribution.

BOTANY AND SOIL SCIENCE

pp. 51-59

SOIL COVER PERCULIARITIES OF KUNGUR FOREST-STEPPE
ON THE NORTHERN BOARDER OF ITS AREA

O.A. Skryabina, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: Kf.pochv.pgsh@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
Features of soil cover component content and soil properties in northern part Kungur forest-steppe situated in contagious southern taiga and forest-steppe zones were studied in 2010-2015 on the outskirts of settlements Kolpashniki, Teplaya, Troitsk, Shavkunovo in Permskiy Kray. It was established that in watersheds soil cover included soil types characteristic both for southern taiga zone (sod-weak-, shallow- not deep podzolic), and gray forest soil subtypes and types. The area of sod-podzolic soils is substantial and constitutes 15.5-46.6 %, eroded subtypes make up 21.5 % of arable land area. Soils have clay and heavy loam granulometric composition forming on loessland-type sediments. Transitional character of the area is reflected in eluvial-illuvial profile type, its non-calcareousity, morphological features of podzolization. Chemical properties of genetically different soils are quite contrast. Dark-gray forest soils have the highest capacity of cation exchange – to 41.1 mmole/100 g soil, gray forest soils – 30 mmole/100 g, light-gray – to 27-29 mmole/100 g. Sod-podzolic soil has minimum figures – 18.6 mmole/100 g. Differences in humus content of soils are essential: in 1 meter layer of dark-gray soil humus supply constitutes 345.5 t/ha, gray soil – 223.7 t/ha, light-gray – 163.7 t/ha, sod-podzolic – 123.4 t/ha. Ratio of humic acids carbon to fulvic acids carbon is 2.30; 1.43; 1.20; 0.68, respectively, optical density of nitrate humate alkaline solution at the wave length 465 nm – 0.26; 0.13; 0.20; 0.68. Negative role of erosion processes in Kungur forest-steppe is substantially shown in change of humus state indicators of soils – in middle- and heavy-truncated soils the proportion Cha:Cfa reduces to 0.59-0.80, what is characteristic for humate-fulvic humus type. All soils of the northern part of forest-steppe have acid reaction and require lime application. Labile phosphor supply is middle and higher than middle, potassium – from middle to high.
Key words: sod-podzolic soils, gray forest soils, eroded soils, chemical properties, humus state, Kungur forest-steppe, Permskiy kray.

VETERINARY AND ZOOTECHNY

pp. 60-64

PROBLEM OF SALMONELLA SPP. DETECTION IN PRODUCTS INFECTED
BY PROTEUS BACTERIA

O.G. Maul, Post-Graduate Student
E.O. Chugunova, Cand. Vet. Sci., Associate Professor
N.A. Tatarnikova, Dr. Vet. Sci., Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: chugunova.elen@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
The article shows a problem of Salmonella spp. detection in foodstuff contaminated with Proteus spp. The purpose of research was to study contamination of meat and meat products of poultry farming with Salmonella and Proteus spp. Investigation was carried out in Perm during the period from January to July 2015. The strains of Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. morganii, P. rettgeri, Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Infantis allocated from chicken meat and chicken semi-finished products (n=98) were material for research. Research was conducted according to the technique approved by the state standards. Following solid nutrient media were used in the work: Endo’s agar and bismuth-sulfite agar. As a result, it was established that the studied chicken meat and semi-finished products in 39.80 % of cases showed growth of Proteus spp. on solid nutrient media. Thus, mechanically deboned chicken is more often contaminated with Proteus spp. than other meat products of poultry farming; that made 43.24 % of total number of positive results. Salmonella spp. was found in 1.87%. The bismuth-sulfite agar is the most effective nutrient medium for Salmonella spp. detection in foodstuff today and is capable to minimize the crowding properties of Proteus spp. In addition, this medium allows indicating Salmonella spp. as their colonies give characteristic metal gloss.
Key words: Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., chicken, meat semi-finished products, bismuth-sulfite agar.

pp. 64-69

RATIONS DIGESTIBILTY IN MILKING COWS DEPENDING ON THE METHOD OF FEEDING CONCENTRATES PREPARATION

V.A. Sitnikov, Cand. Agr. Sci., Associate Professor,
O. Yu. Yunusova, Cand. Bio. Sci., Associate Professor,
A.I. Panyshev, Cand. Agr. Sci.,
A.N. Popov, Post-Graduate Student
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: sitnikov.59@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
In the balance experiment, conducted in lactating cows of control group, cows were fed in addition to main ration (cereal herb hay 9 kg, galega haylage 9 kg) concentrates: 4.3 kg of crushed grain mixture (barley, wheat, oats), and cows of experiment group – 6 kg hydrolyzed grain mixture. On content of dry matter, 4.3 kg of stock feed were equivalent to 6 kg of grain mixture hydrolyzate. After hydrobarothermal treatment of grain mixture, the sugar content in hydrolyzate increased calculating using absolutely dry matter from 37.2 g/kg to 73.4 g/kg due to partial starch hydrolysis, energetic value decreased by 0.16 MJ. Decrease of energetic value of hydrolyzate dry matter was a consequence of long influence of high temperature and pressure on free amino acids and fat which passed to volatile forms, and were removed into atmosphere when pressure relieved. The experiment showed that the cows of the experiment group digested better dry matter, organic matters, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, and free-nitrogen extract in comparison to analogues of the control group by 2.22%, 2.32% (P<0.05), 1.88%, 2.69% (P<0.05), 1.60% and 2.71%, respectively. Higher digestibility ratios in the experiment group were result of sugar content increase in hydrolyzed grain, and therefore in ration. In cows group fed with grain mixture hydrolyzate, average daily milk yield constituted 16.42 kg, what is 1.04 kg higher, or by 6.76% compared to the animals of the control group, that were fed crushed grain mixture. In addition, milk quality in cows fed with hydrolyzate was by 0.37% higher on fat mass content. High fat mass content in milk of both groups was consequence of hay-haylage feeding.
Key words: stock feed, grains, hydrolysis, sugar, cows, digestibility, milk.

pp. 70-75

DE RYTIS COEFFICIENT IN DUODENUM TISSUES IN RABBITS
OF DIFFERENT AGES

M.G. Terentieva, Cand. Bio. Sci., Senior Lecturer
N. G. Ignatiev, Dr. Bio. Sci., Professor
Chuvash State Agricultural Academy
29 Marks St. Cheboksary 428003 Russia
E-mail: maiya-7777@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
The nature and intensity of age-related changes of the de Rytis coefficient, or the ratio of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase to alanineaminotransferase were studied. Enzyme activity was determined by photocolorimetric and spectrophotometric methods in the research laboratories of the Agrochemistry and Environment Department of the Academy. It is established that physiological parameters of the de Rytis coefficient in the tissues of the mucous and muscular layers of different duodenum parts change in phases with the age of the rabbits. In a colostrum nutrition phase the parameter is relatively low (0.68±0.003-1.12±0.008) in the mucous layer tissues of the medial and distal parts, and relatively high (1.22±0.009-1.85±0.009) in the of the proximal part tissues of duodenum. In the transition phase, from a colostrum nutrition phase to a dairy phase, in six day-old rabbits the de Rytis coefficient in the tissues of the mucous layer of the proximal portion is significantly (by 45.9%, to 0.66±0.004) reduced, distal – increased (3.3 times, to 2.27±0.016), and in medial – maintained. In the first milk phase from sixth to twelfth days of rabbit`s life in the tissues of the mucous layer of the studied indicator is determined in the proximal and medial parts, while in the distal part it is greatly (by 21.1%, to 1,.77±0.011) decreased. During the second period of the milk phase from the twelfth to the eighteenth day of rabbit`s life, the de Rytis coefficient in the mucous layer tissues of the proximal portion is significantly reduced (by 49.4% to 0.43±0.003), in the medial and distal parts is significantly (2.2 times to 3.04±0.015, 1.4 times to 2.40±0017) increased. Thе coefficient of the eighteen day-old rabbits stabilizes at a relatively high level in the tissues mucous layer of the medial and distal parts. In the tissues of the mucous layer in the proximal part of the duodenum gut the de Rytis coefficient is significantly reduced and with minimum values (by 49.4%, to 0.43±0.003) defined in the second milk, transition and the first and second phases of plant nutrition. From the third phase of the plant nutrition the parameter increases significantly (2.1 times, to 0.81±0.005) and the stabilization of its value in this part of the duodenum does not occur. De Rytis coefficient in the muscle layer of the proximal, medial parts is relatively low (0.64±0.003-1.85±0.009) in the colostrum, colostrum-milk and first milk phases. The parameter is determined from eighteen days-old age of rabbits to the next nutrition phases at a relatively high and stable (2.22±0.015-3.34±0.019) level.
Key words: rabbits, proximal, medial, distal, mucosal, muscle, de Rytis coefficient, duodenum.

pp. 76-80

RAPID METHOD OF SALMONELLA SPP. INDICATION IN FOODSTUFF

E.O. Chugunova, Cand. Vet. Sci., Associate Professor
N.A. Tatarnikova, Dr. Vet. Sci., Professor
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23, Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: chugunova.elen@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT
The article shows a problem of Salmonella spp. allocation from foodstuff by classical bacteriological method and proposes the simple and practical solution of the matter. The purpose of scientific research was development of the accelerated method of Salmonella spp. indication in foodstuff. Laboratory research was carried out in Permskii Krai in 2014 – 2015. We used strains of salmonellas (S. Typhimutium, S. Enteritidis, S. Gallinarum-Pullorum, S. Dublin, S. Cholerae-suis, S. Infantis, S. Hamburg, S. Virchow), and other pathogenic microorganisms (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes). Thus, two nutrient mediums were used for not selective enrichment of Salmonella spp.: 1. Modified buffering pepton water (MBPW) which served as experiment; 2. Standard buffering pepton water (BPW) (control). Investigation resulted in selecting an indicator capable of changing color of a nutrient medium from yellow to red in positive salmonella’s test. That fact is fixed visually and by photoelectric colorimeter. As a result, we recommend introducing of 1.0 ml of the Andrade’s indicator in 225 ml of MBPW after 18-hour incubation with a foodstuff sample. This fact has huge practical value since it allows assuming presence of Salmonella spp. in the test product on the second day of laboratory research, without applying expensive reactants and equipment.
Key words: Salmonella spp., foodstuff, research, modified buffering pepton water, Andrade’s indicator.

ECONOMY AND ACCOUNTANCY

pp. 81-88

ECONOMIC RISKS MONITORING AND THEIR IMPACT ON ECONOMIC EFFICACY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE

S.N. Butorin, Cand. Econ. Sci., Associate Professor; D.M. Trukhin;
N.A. Svetlakova, Dr. Econ. Sci., Professor,
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: organiz@pgsha.ru.

ABSTRACT
Sociological surveys conducted at enterprises of agrarian sectors showed that the greatest menaces for enterprises are material and technical resources destruction – 46%, embezzlement of material funds by employees – 30%. Main destruction of material and technical resources took place in 90s during enterprises reorganization. Currently, resources are being reconstituted slowly, machines supply makes up 50-70%. The research showed that there is a menace of information leak at an enterprise, which depends on staff in 30%, 23% – on document turn storage and organization, 21% – on non-secure communication lines and computer networks, 23% – on control for stranger at an enterprise and copying enterprise’s information without control. Main problems in setting and running farms are economic instability in the country (65% in 2015, what is by 6% higher than in 2010), 58% of respondents stated procedure difficulties it land ownership and credit raising, 32% of respondents mentioned capital deficiency. Special meaning in risks emergence has criminality level which decreased in 2014. Basic reasons which contribute appearance of criminal structures in society are unemployment rate growth, population’s life level and morality decrease. To provide effective economic activities and to obtain positive economic results risks should be managed, i.e. a system for their identification, losses analysis and estimation, risks reduction methods should be developed.
Key words: risk, agribusiness, productivity, production costs, profits, profitability, risk management, Microsoft Excel.

pp. 88-95

RISK DECREASE FACTORS WHEN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES ARE INTRODUCED FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA’S ECONOMY

V.N. Zekin, Cand. Tech. Sci.
A.G. Svetlakov, Dr. Econ. Sci.
I.M. Pechentsov, Master’s Degree Student
Perm State Agricultural Academy
23 Petropavlovskaya St., Perm 614990 Russia
E-mail: pechensov@mail.ru

ABSTRACT
Introduction of new technologies is always a risk. One of important factor of risk decrease is own invention-oriented. To solve the risk problem at macro-level, it is important to create national innovative system in the country, which has to include legislative, financial, organizing and social institutions. The most effective technologies are to be developed for sustainable development of rural territories to reduce ecological load on nature. Higher education institutions’ small-scaled innovative enterprises do not operate effective enough because of out-of-date material infrastructure. Introduction of proposed in the paper scheme of innovative specialists training in small-scaled enterprises could solve the problem of small-scaled business development, what is especially important for rural areas. Innovative infrastructure development is required for successful activities of small-scaled innovative enterprises at regional level. Efficacy calculation technique might solve the problem of risk decrease when a new technology is chosen and introduced. The technique is applied on the example of fast-constructed technology ‘Demetr’ that enables substantial reduction of construction weight and application of cheap bored-pipe basement. Total profit of the technology according to calculations would constitute RUR5.05 Mio., average per year – RUR1.01 Mio. Efficacy of the Demetr technology lies in the use of timber processing wastes as well as broadleaf timber, which Russia is rich in. Similarly, such innovative solutions as peat blocks application for low-rise buildings, construction element Ptichka (Bird) – substitute for wooden framework, use of flagstones Blin (Pancake) for paving.
Key words: innovative development, innovative system of country, innovative economy, small-scaled innovative enterprises, innovative specialists, innovative infrastructure, innovative development model, experimental buildings construction, region investment programme, innovative ideas.